Oxygen, the Scourge of Evolution
Mar 22, 2015 19:47:37 GMT -5
Post by Dagvelia on Mar 22, 2015 19:47:37 GMT -5
Oxygen, the Scourge of Evolution
OxygenThe scourge of evolution has re-emerged−this time with renewed vengeance. Scientists have long known that extremely low levels of free-oxygen [< 10-5] atmosphere on early Earth is critical for any viable origin of life model of evolution.
Atmospheric concentration of oxygen in the origin of life controversy stems the laws of organic chemistry. The autonomous assembly of complex organic molecules has only been observed in an oxygen-free atmosphere.
Geophysicists Stephen C. Meyer of the University of Cambridge notes in Signature in the Cell that “even a small amount of atmospheric oxygen will quench the production of biologically significant building blocks and cause biomolecules otherwise present to degrade rapidly.” Oxygen-free has not always been an evolution scourge, however.
History of Oxygen-Free Early Earth Theory
Russian biochemist Aleksandr Oparin early in the twentieth century proposed that early Earth was composed of a reducing stellar atmosphere—an oxygen-free atmosphere. British geneticist John B. S. Haldane expanded on Oparin’s early Earth oxygen-free theory coining the term “ Primordial soup.”
Riding the then popular wave, in the 1950’s physical chemist Harold C. Urey promoted the “cosmochemistry” theory—life on Earth arose from stellar gases in an oxygen-free atmosphere. , Urey’s graduate student, performed in the laboratory the infamous Miller-Urey experiment producing amino acids capable of forming proteins in an oxygen-free atmosphere in 1953. Urey’s cosmochemistry theory is more popularly known as abiogenesis – life arising from simple organic molecules.
The an oxygen-free atmosphere is a reducing atmosphere. By contrast, a free-oxygen atmosphere produces an oxidizing atmosphere. An oxidizing atmosphere prevents the assembling of organic molecules from stellar reducing gases consisting primarily of methane (CH4) and ammonia (NH3).
To account for rise in free-oxygen concentration on the Earth, the evolution industry developed the Great Oxygen Event (GOE) theory which has also been variably called the Oxygen Catastrophe, or the Oxygen Crisis. Free-oxygen, according to this theory, entered the atmosphere after the spontaneous generation of cyanobacteria on Earth.
In the words of the British Broadcasting Company (BBC), “Cyanobacteria, which appeared about 200 million years (sic) before the GOE, began producing oxygen by photosynthesis. Before the GOE, any free oxygen they produced was chemically captured by dissolved iron or organic matter… After the GOE the excess free oxygen started to accumulate in the atmosphere.”
Problems with Oxygen-Free Early Earth Theory
Scientists, however, have not reached a consensus on the GOE. “The question of when oxygenic photosynthesis evolved,” according to WIKEPEDIA, “continues to engender debate and research.”
Little wonder that GOE theory engenders debate. One reason is that the spontaneous generation of cyanobacteria (abiogenesis) from chemicals contradicts the Omne vivum ex vivo (all life from life) natural law founded by the “father of microbiology,” Louis Pasteur.
The importance of Pasteur’s findings is even recognized by the ever colorful atheist evolution advocate, Richard Dawkins. In the book The Greatest Show on Earth, Dawkins writes: “Never will the doctrine of spontaneous generation recover from the mortal blow struck by this [Pasteur’s] simple experiment.”
The spontaneous origin of complex photosynthetic reactions violate the second law of thermodynamics is another reason. The complex photosynthetic reaction is continuous and organized in which atmospheric free-oxygen is produced from oxygen in the form of water (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2). Carbon dioxide is now infamously known as the “greenhouse gas.” Photosynthesis has never been experimentally produced de novo−from the beginning.
A third reason stems from the discovery that the cyanobacterium is a cytochrome C oxidase dependent microbe. The purpose of Cytochrome C is to convert free-oxygen (O2) into water (H20). Unless biological evolution was somehow armed with a purposeful foreknowledge that a free-oxygen atmosphere would develop in the future, the presence of an enzyme to metabolism oxygen undermines any recognized theory of natural selection.
History of Early Earth Free-Oxygen Theory
One of the first to throw the wrench into the GOE theory was geologist Harrison Brown of the University of Chicago in the 1960s, noting that stellar atmosphere vanished or never existed on Earth.
By the 1970s, Philip Abelson of the Carnegie Institution gave a simple Q&A: “What is the evidence for a primitive methane-ammonia atmosphere on Earth? The answer is that there is no evidence for it, but much against it.”
Later in the 1970s, Canadian geologists Erich Dimroth and Michael Kimberly issued the following finding: “In general, we find no evidence in the sedimentary distributions of carbon, sulfur, uranium, or iron, that an oxygen-free atmosphere has existed at any time during the span of geological history recorded in well-preserved sedimentary rocks.”
Belgium Biochemist, Marcel Florkin, joined Dimroth and Kimberly in 1975 noting that “the concept of a reducing primitive atmosphere has been abandoned,” and the Miller–Urey experiment is “not now considered geologically adequate.”
Even molecular biologists, Sidney Fox and Klaus Dose, joined the discussion in 1977 declaring, “The inference that Miller’s synthesis does not have a geological relevance has become increasingly widespread.”
In 1982, British geologists Harry Clemmey and Nick Badham after examining the evidence from the rocks proclaimed, “From the time of the earliest dated rocks at 3.7 billion years, Earth had an oxygenic atmosphere.”
By 1995, Jon Cohen, senior editor for Science, the flagship journal of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) announced, “The early atmosphere looked nothing like the Miller–Urey simulation.”
With the evidence became too massive to ignore any longer, in 1998 Richard Monastersky, writing for the National Geographicfinally broadcast, “Many scientists now suspect that the early atmosphere was very different from what Miller first supposed.”
Scientific Evidence for Early Earth Free-Oxygen Theory
An international research team led by Sean Crowe University of Southern Denmark in September published in the journal Nature a paper re-establishing the presence of atmospheric oxygen on early Earth. The team representing the nations of Denmark, South Africa, and Germany discovered oxygen to exceed 30-times beyond the critical concentration of < 10-5.
The researchers had studied the ratios of different types, or isotopes, of chromium atoms that were present in the rock drilled from 1,000 meters underground in South Africa.
Biogeologist Roger Buick of the University of Washington in Seattle in an interview with The Scientist noted that the new evidence “adds greater complexity to our picture of how and when the Earth got its oxygen. It suggests that oxygenic photosynthesis, the ultimate source of most oxygen (sic), evolved long before the Great Oxidation Event.”
The study tips the evidence against the once popular GOE theory along with the hope of a cohesive abiogenesis theory for the origin of life on Earth. Evolutionary scientists are now forced to shift origin of life exploration to the cosmos.
As staff reporter for Nature World News dismissively sneers, “We might have to take a second look at the evolution of life on earth.”
Since Charles Darwin’s publication of the publication of the Origin of Species, the emerging scientific evidence has undermined Darwin’s theory (Darwinism), the more popular neo-Darwinism theory, and now the Great Oxygen Event theory.
“An honest man, armed with all the knowledge available to us now; could only state that in some sense, the origin of life appears at the moment to be almost a miracle,” writes the Nobel Prize winning discover of the DNA molecule, Francis Crick, in the book Life Itself.
Evolution was once a theory in crisis, now evolution is in crisis without a theory. The Genesis account written by Moses, however, continues to be compatible with the scientific evidence.
Biological evolution exists only as a philosophy – not a scientific fact.
link
OxygenThe scourge of evolution has re-emerged−this time with renewed vengeance. Scientists have long known that extremely low levels of free-oxygen [< 10-5] atmosphere on early Earth is critical for any viable origin of life model of evolution.
Atmospheric concentration of oxygen in the origin of life controversy stems the laws of organic chemistry. The autonomous assembly of complex organic molecules has only been observed in an oxygen-free atmosphere.
Geophysicists Stephen C. Meyer of the University of Cambridge notes in Signature in the Cell that “even a small amount of atmospheric oxygen will quench the production of biologically significant building blocks and cause biomolecules otherwise present to degrade rapidly.” Oxygen-free has not always been an evolution scourge, however.
History of Oxygen-Free Early Earth Theory
Russian biochemist Aleksandr Oparin early in the twentieth century proposed that early Earth was composed of a reducing stellar atmosphere—an oxygen-free atmosphere. British geneticist John B. S. Haldane expanded on Oparin’s early Earth oxygen-free theory coining the term “ Primordial soup.”
Riding the then popular wave, in the 1950’s physical chemist Harold C. Urey promoted the “cosmochemistry” theory—life on Earth arose from stellar gases in an oxygen-free atmosphere. , Urey’s graduate student, performed in the laboratory the infamous Miller-Urey experiment producing amino acids capable of forming proteins in an oxygen-free atmosphere in 1953. Urey’s cosmochemistry theory is more popularly known as abiogenesis – life arising from simple organic molecules.
The an oxygen-free atmosphere is a reducing atmosphere. By contrast, a free-oxygen atmosphere produces an oxidizing atmosphere. An oxidizing atmosphere prevents the assembling of organic molecules from stellar reducing gases consisting primarily of methane (CH4) and ammonia (NH3).
To account for rise in free-oxygen concentration on the Earth, the evolution industry developed the Great Oxygen Event (GOE) theory which has also been variably called the Oxygen Catastrophe, or the Oxygen Crisis. Free-oxygen, according to this theory, entered the atmosphere after the spontaneous generation of cyanobacteria on Earth.
In the words of the British Broadcasting Company (BBC), “Cyanobacteria, which appeared about 200 million years (sic) before the GOE, began producing oxygen by photosynthesis. Before the GOE, any free oxygen they produced was chemically captured by dissolved iron or organic matter… After the GOE the excess free oxygen started to accumulate in the atmosphere.”
Problems with Oxygen-Free Early Earth Theory
Scientists, however, have not reached a consensus on the GOE. “The question of when oxygenic photosynthesis evolved,” according to WIKEPEDIA, “continues to engender debate and research.”
Little wonder that GOE theory engenders debate. One reason is that the spontaneous generation of cyanobacteria (abiogenesis) from chemicals contradicts the Omne vivum ex vivo (all life from life) natural law founded by the “father of microbiology,” Louis Pasteur.
The importance of Pasteur’s findings is even recognized by the ever colorful atheist evolution advocate, Richard Dawkins. In the book The Greatest Show on Earth, Dawkins writes: “Never will the doctrine of spontaneous generation recover from the mortal blow struck by this [Pasteur’s] simple experiment.”
The spontaneous origin of complex photosynthetic reactions violate the second law of thermodynamics is another reason. The complex photosynthetic reaction is continuous and organized in which atmospheric free-oxygen is produced from oxygen in the form of water (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2). Carbon dioxide is now infamously known as the “greenhouse gas.” Photosynthesis has never been experimentally produced de novo−from the beginning.
A third reason stems from the discovery that the cyanobacterium is a cytochrome C oxidase dependent microbe. The purpose of Cytochrome C is to convert free-oxygen (O2) into water (H20). Unless biological evolution was somehow armed with a purposeful foreknowledge that a free-oxygen atmosphere would develop in the future, the presence of an enzyme to metabolism oxygen undermines any recognized theory of natural selection.
History of Early Earth Free-Oxygen Theory
One of the first to throw the wrench into the GOE theory was geologist Harrison Brown of the University of Chicago in the 1960s, noting that stellar atmosphere vanished or never existed on Earth.
By the 1970s, Philip Abelson of the Carnegie Institution gave a simple Q&A: “What is the evidence for a primitive methane-ammonia atmosphere on Earth? The answer is that there is no evidence for it, but much against it.”
Later in the 1970s, Canadian geologists Erich Dimroth and Michael Kimberly issued the following finding: “In general, we find no evidence in the sedimentary distributions of carbon, sulfur, uranium, or iron, that an oxygen-free atmosphere has existed at any time during the span of geological history recorded in well-preserved sedimentary rocks.”
Belgium Biochemist, Marcel Florkin, joined Dimroth and Kimberly in 1975 noting that “the concept of a reducing primitive atmosphere has been abandoned,” and the Miller–Urey experiment is “not now considered geologically adequate.”
Even molecular biologists, Sidney Fox and Klaus Dose, joined the discussion in 1977 declaring, “The inference that Miller’s synthesis does not have a geological relevance has become increasingly widespread.”
In 1982, British geologists Harry Clemmey and Nick Badham after examining the evidence from the rocks proclaimed, “From the time of the earliest dated rocks at 3.7 billion years, Earth had an oxygenic atmosphere.”
By 1995, Jon Cohen, senior editor for Science, the flagship journal of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) announced, “The early atmosphere looked nothing like the Miller–Urey simulation.”
With the evidence became too massive to ignore any longer, in 1998 Richard Monastersky, writing for the National Geographicfinally broadcast, “Many scientists now suspect that the early atmosphere was very different from what Miller first supposed.”
Scientific Evidence for Early Earth Free-Oxygen Theory
An international research team led by Sean Crowe University of Southern Denmark in September published in the journal Nature a paper re-establishing the presence of atmospheric oxygen on early Earth. The team representing the nations of Denmark, South Africa, and Germany discovered oxygen to exceed 30-times beyond the critical concentration of < 10-5.
The researchers had studied the ratios of different types, or isotopes, of chromium atoms that were present in the rock drilled from 1,000 meters underground in South Africa.
Biogeologist Roger Buick of the University of Washington in Seattle in an interview with The Scientist noted that the new evidence “adds greater complexity to our picture of how and when the Earth got its oxygen. It suggests that oxygenic photosynthesis, the ultimate source of most oxygen (sic), evolved long before the Great Oxidation Event.”
The study tips the evidence against the once popular GOE theory along with the hope of a cohesive abiogenesis theory for the origin of life on Earth. Evolutionary scientists are now forced to shift origin of life exploration to the cosmos.
As staff reporter for Nature World News dismissively sneers, “We might have to take a second look at the evolution of life on earth.”
Since Charles Darwin’s publication of the publication of the Origin of Species, the emerging scientific evidence has undermined Darwin’s theory (Darwinism), the more popular neo-Darwinism theory, and now the Great Oxygen Event theory.
“An honest man, armed with all the knowledge available to us now; could only state that in some sense, the origin of life appears at the moment to be almost a miracle,” writes the Nobel Prize winning discover of the DNA molecule, Francis Crick, in the book Life Itself.
Evolution was once a theory in crisis, now evolution is in crisis without a theory. The Genesis account written by Moses, however, continues to be compatible with the scientific evidence.
Biological evolution exists only as a philosophy – not a scientific fact.
link