Tutorial Eight: The Rapture of the Church
Apr 17, 2012 8:58:07 GMT -5
Post by shann0 on Apr 17, 2012 8:58:07 GMT -5
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Tutorial Eight: The Rapture of the Church
[Time to complete: approximately 2-4 hrs.]
Instructions:
1. Look up all highlighted references.
2. Complete the supplemental reading.
3. After completing all reading, go back and answer all of the questions in the Study Questions guide for this chapter.
8A The rapture of the Church
1B. Biblical background
2B. Description of the rapture
3B. The unique nature of the Church
1C. Israel and the Church are distinct entities
2C. Israel and the Church have been given distinct prophetic programs
3C. The extent of the Church age
4B. Views on the time of the rapture in relation to the tribulation
1C. Pretribulationism
2C. Midtribulationism
3C. Rosenthal’s pre-wrath rapture view
4C. The partial rapture view
5C. The imminent pre-wrath view
6C. Classic posttribulationism
7C. Imminent posttribulationism
5B. Summary of rapture views
The Rapture of the Church
The study of the rapture is of great significance to church-age believers, since the rapture represents the completion of our salvation, the redemption of our physical bodies. Paul says in Romans,
[8:22-25] We know that the whole creation has been groaning as in the pains of childbirth right up to the present time. Not only so, but we ourselves, who have the firstfruits of the spirit, groan inwardly as we wait eagerly for our adoption as sons, the redemption of our bodies. For in this hope we have been saved. But hope that is seen is no hope at all. Who hopes for what he already has? But if we hope for what we do not yet have, we wait for it patiently.
The redemption of the body is the great hope shared by every believer in Christ. It is the teaching of the New Testament that for the church-age saint that hope will be realized in an instant, when Christ suddenly appears in the sky to resurrect the dead, and to transform the bodies of living believers into their glorified form as they are caught up to be with Christ.
Biblical background
The existence of the Church (the Body of Christ, cf. Col.1:24) was not revealed in the Old Testament (Eph. 3:1-10), and since the rapture relates exclusively to the Church, there is no reference to the rapture in the Old Testament. Christ was the first to mention the rapture (Jn. 14:2-3), but He gives few details other than disclosing that Heaven is the destination of the raptured saints. Jesus says,
[Jn. 14:2-3] In my Father’s house are many rooms; if it were not so, I would have told you. I am going there to prepare a place for you. And if I go and prepare a place for you, I will come back and take you to be with me that you also may be where I am.
It is Paul who develops the rapture theme, mentioning it in eight passages (Rom. 8:20-23; 1 Cor. 15:35-38; Eph. 1:13-14; Phil. 1:6,10; 3:10-11,20-21; 1 Thess. 1:9-10; 4:13-18; Tit. 2:11-14). From Paul’s writings we learn the following facts about the rapture. 1) The spirits of those believers who have died will return with Christ for the resurrection of the body (1 Thess. 4:14). 2) The dead in Christ will rise first (1 or. 15:52-53; 1 Thess. 4:15-16). 3) Living believers will be “changed†(i.e., their bodies will be transformed into “glorified†bodies) and caught up to meet Christ in the sky (1 Cor. 15:52-53; 1 Thess. 4:17). Paul also mentions that the Church is not destined for the wrath of God to be poured out upon the earth during the day of the Lord, but to the obtaining of salvation by means of the rapture (1 Thess. 1:1-10; 5:9, cf. Rom. 5:9).
James mentions the rapture and associates it with personal accountability before Christ, possibly alluding to the judgment seat of Christ immediately following the rapture (Jam. 5:7-9). Peter equates the rapture with the completion of salvation (1 Pt.1:3-5). John menÂtions the rapture twice and alludes to the transformation of the bodies of believers at the appearance of Christ (1 Jn. 2:28; 3:2). He further indicates that the bodies received by the saints will be like Christ’s own glorified body (3:2, cf. Phil. 3:20Â21).
Description of the rapture
The only detailed descriptions of the rapture occur in two passages (1 Cor. 15:51-53 and 1 Thess. 4:13-18). In 1 Corinthians, Paul states:
[15:51-53] Listen, I tell you a mystery: We will not all sleep, but we will all be changed in a flash, in the twinkling of an eye, at the last trumpet. For the trumpet will sound, the dead in Christ will be raised imperishable, and we will be changed. For the perishable must clothe itself with the imperishable, and the mortal with immortality.
Paul also describes the rapture in 1 Thessalonians 4, where he says:
[4:13-18] Brothers, we do not want you to be ignorant about those who fall asleep, or to grieve like the rest of men, who have no hope. We believe that Jesus died and rose again and so we believe that God will bring with Jesus those who have fallen asleep in him. According to the Lord’s own word, we tell you that we who are still alive, who are left till the coming of the Lord, will certainly not precede those who have fallen asleep. For the Lord himself will come down from heaven, with a loud command, with the voice of the archangel and with the trumpet call of God, and the dead in Christ will rise first. After that, we who are still alive and are left will be caught up with them in the clouds to meet the Lord in the air. And so we will be with the Lord forever. Therefore encourage each other with these words.
Several important points flow out of these statements. 1) The details of the rapture were apparently a mystery until revealed through Paul. 2) At the rapture Christ will appear in the sky, He will not descend all the way to the earth as He will at the second coming. 3) He will be accompanied by the souls of the church-age believers who have died, returning to receive their resurrection bodies. 4) He will call believers, both the dead and those living, to HimÂself in the sky. (Notice how the description of the rapture differs significantly from that of the second coming, when Christ actually returns to the earth and remains (see Table 8.1.) 5) The event will be signaled by a shout from an archangel and a trumpet call. 6) The dead in Christ will be raised first, then those who are alive will be “changed†(i.e., their bodies will be transformed into glorified bodies suited for eternity). 7) Believers who are alive at the time of the rapture will, in a fashion reminiscent of Enoch and Elijah in the Old Testament, escape physical death. 8) The entire event will happen almost instantly. 9) The raptured saints will always be with Christ.
The Old Testament saints are not included in the rapture of the Church. God has a special purpose for the Old Testament believers, as well as for those who are saved after the rapÂture; they will be resurrected at the beginning of the millennium (Dan. 12:13; Rev. 20:4). Those who believe in Christ after the rapture and survive the tribulation unto the second coming will enter into the millennium in their natural (untransformed) bodies and repopuÂlate the earth. Thus it appears that only the Church participates in the rapture. In order to understand this, we must grasp the unique nature of the Church, and how God’s program for Israel and the Church differ.
The unique nature of the Church
It is God’s plan to consummate the salvation of those belonging to the Body of Christ (the Church) at the rapture, and it is the unique nature of the Church that makes this possible. It is this fact that makes the differences between dispensationalism and covenantalism, which we discussed previously, so important.
Every saved person in history fits somewhere in the plan of God, but every saved person in history is not necessarily part of the Church. (We are not speaking of the visible, organized church, which includes both saved and lost, but the invisible “Body of Christ,†cf. Col. 1:18,24). The reason the Church is a subset of believers (instead of all believers that have ever lived) is because the Church did not exist until the Holy Spirit began baptizing believÂers into the Body of Christ on the day of Pentecost A.D.33 (Acts 1:5 cf. 1 Cor. 12:13). Therefore, the Old Testament saints, though occupying a special place in the plan of God, are not part of the Body of Christ. This is also true of people saved after the rapture; they occupy a special place in God’s program, but they are not part of the Church.
Israel and the Church are distinct entities
Contrary to the position of covenantalism, God did not abandon His plans for the true descendants of Abraham; that is, those who are His children by both birth and faith, (Rom. 9:6-9). He has every intention of fulfilling His promises to Israel (cf. Psa. 105:8-11; Jer. 33:20-26; Rom. 11:1-36), and this is the basis for belief in a literal, earthly kingdom beginÂning at the second coming of Christ and extending into eternity. The fact that Israel as a nation rejected their Messiah, and God from both Jew and Gentile forged a new entity—the Church—did not nullify God’s program for Israel. It merely postponed it until Israel responds to God’s grace in the future. In fact, one of the primary purposes of the tribulation is to bring Israel to faith in Christ.
It is true that church-age saints share in the distinction of being designated “children of Abraham.†Abraham is, metaphorically speaking, the father of all who believe (Gal. 3:6‑9,29, cf. Gen. 12:3). The blessings that the Church enjoys have their roots in the AbraÂhamic covenant (Gal. 3:8-9). However, it would be incorrect to interpret this to mean that Israel and the Church are the same, or that the Church is merely a new form (a “spiritual†form) of Israel, or that the nation’s promised blessings have somehow been transferred to the Church (owing to Israel’s rejection of Christ). While church-age believers are called “children of Abraham,†the Church is never called “Israel,†and Israel is never designated as “the Body of Christ.†Although Galatians 6:16 is sometimes cited as an example of the Church being referred to as “Israel,†the Church is not specifically mentioned in this pasÂsage; Paul is merely drawing a distinction between those who were outwardly Israelites, by birth and tradition, and those who were “the Israel of God,†by birth and faith (i.e., saved Jews). In saying this, he nullified the argument of the Judaizers that one must be circumÂcised to be right with God—since even the Jews could only be saved by faith! The presence of saved Jews in the Church (referred to as “the Israel of Godâ€) does not equate the Church with Israel; the duality of these two is strictly maintained in the New Testament. In Romans 11:1-36 where Paul gives the analogy of the root and the branches, it is worth noting that he never pictures both the Church and Israel as the same, or even attached to the root (the source of blessing) at the same time. The root in this passage seems to represent the rich blessings that flow from Abraham’s faith and God’s response to that faith in His promises. Israel was attached to the root at one time, but because of their rejection they were broken off, and a new entity—the Church—was grafted in. At some point in the future when Israel responds in faith to their Messiah (Zech. 13:7-9), they will be grafted back in again (Rom. 11:23-24). In fact, this entire analogy can make sense only if Israel and the Church are disÂtinct entities (in this analogy, distinct “branchesâ€). Otherwise if we took Israel and the Church to mean the same thing, this passage would make no sense at all. [Paul would be saying, “Israel was broken off because of unbelief, and Israel is grafted in Israel’s place because of belief, but someday if they do not remain in unbelief, Israel will be grafted back in again.†Such an interpretation is simply nonsensical. The meaning and significance of this passage only comes into sharp focus when we see that Israel and the Church are each unique entities.] While it is true that Israel and the Church share a common heritage in the faith of Abraham and God’s promises to him, they are nonetheless distinct; just as two children may have the same parent and be loved equally, but be born at different times, have different names, and have different expectations made of them by that same parent.
Israel and the Church have been given distinct prophetic programs
Nowhere is the critical distinction between Israel and the Church more significant than in the study of prophecy. The reason is that both the Church and Israel occupy unique places in the overall prophetic program. God’s promises to Israel, as embodied in the Old Testament promises and prophecies, is for a land, a nation, an earthly kingdom (with Messiah on the throne), and a special and perpetual relationship with God. The fountainhead of these promÂises, as we have seen, is the Abrahamic covenant (Gen. 12:1-3,6-7; 13:14-17; 15:1-21; 17:1-14; 22:15-18); and they are further developed in the Palestinian covenant (Deut. 29:1-30:20), the Davidic covenant (2Sam. 7:12-17), and the new covenant (Jer. 31:31-34), as well as numerous prophetic passages dealing with the kingdom (Ps. 98:1-9; Isa. 11:1-12:6; 25:1-12; 32:1-8; 35:1-10; 40:3-11; 66:1-24; Jer. 33:10-26). On the other hand, the Church is nowhere promised a land, descendants, a nation (or kingdom on earth) though it does share in the promise of a special relationship with God and a heavenly home (1 Jn. 1:3; 3:3; Jn. 14:1-3).
The extent of the Church age
As previously noted, the Church did not exist prior to the commencement of Spirit baptism on the day of Pentecost A.D. 33. The biblical basis for this assertion is as follows. 1) The Church is “the Body of Christ†(Col. 1:18,24), and Spirit baptism is the operation that makes a person a member of the Body of Christ (1 Cor. 12:13). Since the Spirit’s ministry of baptism did not begin until the day of Pentecost, it is not possible that believers who died prior to that time could be included as a part of the Church. 2) The disciples recognized that Pentecost marked the beginning of the Church (Acts 11:15-16). 3) Jesus indicated the Church to be a future reality from the standpoint of His earthly ministry (cf. Matt. 16:18, note the future tense, “I will build my churchâ€). 4) The nature of the church age as a parenÂthetical age, distinct from God’s program for Israel, is reinforced by its complete absence from Old Testament prophecy, which delineates God’s program for Israel in minute detail. 5) The Church is never mentioned in any prophecy of the tribulation. Prophecies of the tribulation invariably center on Israel—in the New Testament as well as the Old. This is not proof that the Church is absent, but rather that the focus is on Israel as a distinct entity. The fact that the tribulation was revealed in the Old Testament as part of God’s program for Israel and the existence of the Church was not revealed, coupled with the fact that the New Testament never specifically mentions the Church in any tribulational prophecies indicates that the church age is parenthetical to God’s program for Israel. This concept is again reinÂforced by the observation that a number of Old Testament passages mention events of both advents of Christ with no indication of a break or dislocation of time (e.g., Isa. 61:1‑3). Thus, it should be apparent from the reasons given above that the church age extends from Pentecost, A.D. 33, to the time it is removed from the earth sometime prior to the outÂpouring of divine wrath at the day of the Lord.
Views on the time of the rapture in relation to the tribulation
The timing of the rapture in relation to the tribulation has been the subject of much discusÂsion, and several options have been proposed. Whether one approaches this subject from a dispensational or covenantal frame of reference will predispose one toward one set of views or another. Covenant theology leads naturally to a “posttribulational†view of the rapÂture, equating it with the second coming, though there are significant differences among covenant premillennialists and covenant amillennialists. Among dispensationalists, who view the Church and Israel as distinct, the “pretribulational†view—that the rapture occurs prior to the beginning of the tribulation—has been the most popular position. However, there are other views associated with dispensationalism. “Midtribulationism†places the rapture in the middle of the tribulation. “Rosenthal’s pre-wrath view†places the rapture sometime in the second half of the tribulation. “Partial rapturism†places the rapture prior to the tribulation, but holds that only those believers who are prepared will be raptured; the rest will be left to go through the tribulation. Finally, the “imminent pre-wrath view†(the view of the author) holds that the rapture is imminent and will occur before God’s wrath is poured out, but not necessarily before the tribulation begins (though it certainly could occur at any time, since it is imminent). The imminent pre-wrath view rejects the assertion that the entire tribulation is divine wrath, and as such recognizes that there is a “window†for the timing of the rapture (extending from the present to the time at which God’s wrath is poured out, possibly late in the tribulation period). This view differs from all the others in that it does not “fix†the rapture at a specific point on the timeline.
Before looking at individual views, it is important to note that the proofs employed by all of these views are almost wholly deductive in nature. There is no single passage of Scripture that explicitly states when the rapture occurs. Therefore, the student of prophecy must be especially careful to employ both sound interpretative principles and sound logic in deterÂmining what this information means.
Pretribulationism
Pretribulationists believe that the rapture must occur prior to the beginning of the tribulaÂtion. While it may seem to be splitting a hair, it is important to distinguish the “possibility†of a pretribulational rapture (as held under imminent pre-wrath rapturism), and “pretribulaÂtion-ism,†which holds that the rapture must occur before the tribulation begins. MaintainÂing that the rapture must occur pretribulationally carries a much heavier burden of proof than does acknowledging the mere possibility of a pretribulational rapture. In order to susÂtain its position, pretribulationism must provide convincing evidence (either biblical or theological) of the Church’s absence from any part of the tribulation. While numerous arguments have been put forth in support of pretribulationism, the following are the stronger arguments.
The rapture is an imminent event
The concept of “imminency†means that the rapture could happen at any moment, i.e., it is without any known precursory events (that is, known by man). Interestingly, it would not be necessary to prove imminency in order to establish pretribulationism. Pretribulationism could (potentially) be established from the wrath argument alone (see below), assuming the wrath argument were to hold true; then imminency could simply be inferred from pretribuÂlationism. However, most pretribulationists prefer to use imminency as a primary proof. This results in an incomplete proof, because while imminency does provide a powerful argument against the views that make the rapture subsequent to various tribulation events (i.e., the “fixed-point†views like midtribulationism, Rosenthal’s pre-wrath view, and postÂtribulationism), it does not prove pretribulationism exclusively since one can hypothesize a non-pretribulational position that is also consistent with imminency (e.g., the imminent pre-wrath view). The use of imminency to prove pretribulationism is actually a reductive fallacy; we will explore this further when we come to the imminent pre-wrath view. Nevertheless, imminency is a large part of the usual presentation of pretribulationism.
The pretribulational argument from imminency goes like this: The Bible indicates that the rapture is an imminent event and the pretribulational position is the only view compatible with imminency. In other words, if the Bible teaches that Christ might return for the Church at any moment, that fact implies pretribulationism, since any other view would require at least some intervening events of the tribulation to take place prior to the rapture. For examÂple, the midtribulational view, Rosenthal’s pre-wrath view, and posttribulationism all require that certain tribulation events must transpire before the rapture could take place. [This argument is being presented from the pretribulational perspective, and as we will see, preÂtribulationism is not the only view that is consistent with imminency. Additionally, it is interesting that while most pretribulationists present imminency as proof of pretribulationism, they are almost completely at a loss to support the doctrine of immiÂnency exegetically; we will discover the reason for this in a moment.]
The Church is not to be the object of God’s wrath
This is really the core argument of pretribulationism. Interestingly, it is also a core arguÂment for midtribulationism and Rosenthal’s pre-wrath view. The difference between those positions and pretribulationism is that pretribulationists bring an important assumption to this argument—that the entire seven-years of tribulation is divine wrath. We will address that assumption later, for now we will simply look at the argument as it is usually presented.
Paul is clear on this point: The Church is not to be the object of Gods wrath (Rom. 5:9; 1 Thess.1:9-10; 5:9). The clearest passage to this effect is in 1 Thessalonians, where Paul says,
[5:9-10] For God did not appoint us to suffer wrath but to receive salvation through our Lord Jesus Christ. He died for us so that, whether we are awake or asleep, we may live together with him.
Since this passage appears immediately after a major discussion of the rapture (4:13-18) and the coming tribulation (5:1-8), and it alludes to the two conditions of the saints at the time of the rapture (“awake†and “asleepâ€), it is apparent that Paul is referring to the Church’s rapture prior to the outpouring of divine wrath at the day of the Lord. [PretribulaÂtionists point out that posttribulationists have a particularly difficult time with 1 Thessalonians 5:9-10, since their conception of the rapture places the Church on earth though the entire tribulation period. Since posttribulationists must agree that the Church is not the object of God’s wrath, they are forced to “spiritualize†(allegorize) elements of the tribulation to lessen the severity of their impact on the Church.]
The rapture must occur before the second coming
Pretribulationists insist that the rapture must occur before the second coming of Christ. In fact, it would seem that it must occur well before the second coming; the reason is this: If the rapture were to happen at the second coming, all people entering the millennium would enter in glorified bodies. Such a condition is clearly incompatible with both Old and New Testament teaching regarding the character of the millennium. The Old Testament teaches that children will be born in the millennial kingdom, and some people (presumably, the unsaved) will die (Isa. 65:17-25). Revelation reveals that toward the end of the millennium a great rebellion against Christ will occur (Rev. 20:7-9); this presumes the presence of unsaved people in the millennial kingdom; since only redeemed people are admitted into the kingdom (Matt. 25:31-46, cf. 7:21-23), it is again apparent some must have entered through birth. Given the fact that people in glorified bodies do not marry and propagate (Matt. 22:30; Lk. 20:34-36), it is obvious that a significant number of saved people must enter the millennium in their natural bodies in order for these events to take place. Yet if the rapture occurred at the second coming it would preclude anyone entering the millennium in a natuÂral body. Posttribulationists have sought to avoid this obvious difficulty by proposing that huge numbers of people who see the rapture occur (at the second coming) will immediately receive Christ and thus be saved, too late to participate in the rapture, but not too late to enter into the kingdom. This is a highly optimistic solution, but it is neither realistic nor biblical. Note the assumptions of such a position. 1) It assumes that Christ will pause in His descent (after the rapture) long enough for the people of the earth to fully comprehend what has taken place and to consider the theological and personal implications. 2) It assumes a higher level of receptivity to the gospel at the extreme end of the tribulation period than previously. This is clearly at odds with the teaching of the New Testament. Both John and Paul indicate that as the tribulation progresses, men’s hearts will be darkened, and they will fall under a deeper spiritual delusion than before; they will be hardened in their rejection of God as the period progresses (2 Thess. 2:6-12; Rev. 9:20-21; 16:21). Interestingly, this hardness will actually be a form of divine judgment. Paul says in 2 Thessalonians,
[2:8-12] And then that lawless one will be revealed whom the Lord will slay with the breath of his mouth and bring to an end by the appearance of his coming; that is, the one whose coming is in accord with the activity of Satan, with all power and signs and false wonders, and with all the deception of wickedness for those who perish, because they did not receive the love of the truth so as to be saved. And for this reaÂson God will send upon them a deluding influence so that they might believe what is false, in order that they all may be judged who did not believe the truth, but took pleasure in wickedness.
The tribulation is a resumption of God’s prophetic program for Israel
Pretribulationists make the point that the tribulation is a resumption of God’s program for Israel, not the Church, so there is no reason for the Church to be present. That the tribulaÂtion represents a return to the prophetic program for Israel can be seen in the prophecy of Daniel’s seventy “weeks†(Dan. 9:24-27) in which the seventy “weeks†relate to the nation of Israel (v. 24), with the seventieth “week†representing the tribulation period. According to this argument, since the church age is parenthetical to God’s program for Israel (it occurs outside the prophesied program for Israel, falling between the 69th and 70th “weeks†of the seventy “weeks†prophecy in Daniel 9:24-27), and it is reasonable to assume that the Church is to be raptured sometime in advance of the second coming (see the arguÂment above), then it seems reasonable that the rapture should occur prior to the beginning of the tribulation period. This is not viewed by most pretribulationists as a conclusive arguÂment, but rather as a supporting point.
The removal of the “Restrainer†in 2 Thessalonians 2:3-9
Not all pretribulationists are agreed on the interpretation of 2Thessalonians 2:3-9; however, some do advance a particular interpretation of this passage as supporting pretribulationism. In this passage Paul says,
[2 Thess. 2:3-9] Concerning the coming of our Lord Jesus Christ and our being gathÂered to him, we ask you, brothers, not to become easily unsettled or alarmed by some prophecy, report or letter supposed to have come from us, saying that the day of the Lord has already come. Don’t let anyone deceive you in any way, for that day will not come until the rebellion occurs and the man of lawlessness is revealed, the man doomed to destruction. He will oppose and will exalt himself over everything that is called God or is worshiped, so that he sets himself up in God’s temple, proÂclaiming himself to be God. Don’t you remember that when I was with you I used to tell you these things? And now you know what is holding him back, so that he may be revealed at the proper time. For the secret power of lawlessness is already at work; but the one who now holds it back will continue to do so till he is taken out of the way. And then the lawless one will be revealed, whom the Lord Jesus will overthrow with the breath of his mouth and destroy by the splendor of his coming. The coming of the lawless one will be in accordance with the work of Satan displayed in all kinds of counterfeit miracles, signs and wonders, and in every sort of evil that deceives those who are perishing. They perish because they refused to love the truth and so be saved. For this reason God sends them a powerful delusion so that they will believe the lie and so that all will be condemned who have not believed the truth but have delighted in wickedness.
Notice that Paul says the day of the Lord will not come until the “man of lawlessness†(the Antichrist) is revealed, and the great “falling away†(or “apostasyâ€) occurs. According to some pretribulationists, since the “restrainer†almost certainly has to be the Holy Spirit who indwells the Church, it is the removal of the Church (along with the indwelling Holy Spirit) that allows the Antichrist to come on the scene resulting in the unfolding of the tribulation events. According to this interpretation, the removal of the restrainer occurs just prior to the beginning of the tribulation (and the revealing of the Antichrist follows shortly). Some pretribulationists suggest the apostasy (NIV “rebellionâ€) or “falling away†(v.3) may be a veiled reference to the rapture itself.
An examination of the pretribulational arguments
Now that we have familiarized ourselves with these arguments, we need to take a closer look at them. It is good to remember that not every pretribulationist holds to each of these arguments, and the minor arguments are not dealt with here. (If the major arguments are found to be faulty, the minor arguments are of no help to pretribulationists anyway.) Most pretribulationists do hold to the wrath argument, and most hold to the imminency argument —even thought it is an incomplete proof.
The argument that the rapture is imminent
The point of this argument is that the other views (i.e., the mid-tribulational view, RosenÂthal’s pre-wrath view, and the posttribulational view) are inconsistent with the concept of imminency because they “fix†the rapture at a point sometime within the tribulation, thus requiring that some tribulation events must transpire before the rapture can occur. For example, if you fix the rapture at the middle of the tribulation, then the events of the first half of the period must take place before the rapture can occur; likewise with Rosenthal’s pre-wrath view and posttribulationism.
If one were to limit the field of potentially correct views to pretribulationism, midtribulaÂtionism, Rosenthal’s pre-wrath view, and posttribulationism, then the issue of imminency could be used to identify which one of these four views would be correct. Obviously, the correct view would have to be the pretribulational view, because it is the only one of these four views that is consistent with imminency. The problem, of course, is the subtle condiÂtions necessary for this logic to work. In order for imminency to support pretribulationism, one has to be comparing pretribulationism only with views that “fix†the rapture at a specific point within the tribulation, making it subsequent to all of the tribulation events leading up to that point. In such a comparison only the pretribulational view passes the test, but only because of a reductive error in the procedure (since any additional possibilities are arbiÂtrarily excluded). However, we could postulate a view that says: “The rapture could occur at any time up to the point at which God’s wrath is poured out—whenever that may be.†With such a view we would not be “fixing†the rapture at any particular point either before or during the tribulation and we have not made it subsequent to any tribulation events, thus we have not violated the principle of imminency; since we would not know when the rapture is going to happen it would still be imminent. While pretribulationists have long equated proof of imminency as proof of pretribulationism, the fact is, the rapture doesn’t have to be pretribulational to be imminent. As long as man does not know when it will occur or what if any events will precede it, it’s still imminent. Therefore, since imminency does not preclude the rapture from occurring within the tribulation, logically it cannot be appealed to as support for pretribulationism. (Except that it could be used to rule out any non-imminent views) This will seem a bit odd for many pretribulationists, since imminency and pretribuÂlationism have long been assumed to go hand in hand. Nevertheless, while imminency is compatible with pretribulationism, it is not a proof. We will discuss this further when we come to the imminent pre-wrath view.
The argument that the Church is not to be the object of God’s wrath
That the Church is not to be the object of God’s wrath is a fact forcefully declared by Paul in 1 Thessalonians 4:13-5:11, and is without any doubt “the†quintessential statement with which all students of prophecy must reckon when it comes to the timing of the rapture. For those who assign any degree of literality to the meaning of Scripture, Paul’s statement can only be understood to mean that the rapture of the Church must occur prior to the outpourÂing of divine wrath at the day of the Lord. In other words, the extreme terminal point at which the rapture could occur is the moment prior to the outpouring of God’s wrath. It is interesting to note that on this point, pretribulationism, midtribulationism, and Rosenthal’s pre-wrath view all agree. It could rightly be said that each of these theories takes a “pre-wrath†view of the rapture, for each according to its own view of the nature of the events of the tribulation places the rapture prior to the outpouring of divine wrath (as indicated previÂously, the mid-tribulationist views only the second half of the tribulation as divine wrath, and those who hold to Rosenthal’s pre-wrath position view only the last quarter or so as divine wrath). The distinctive feature of pretribulationism is its view that the entire tribulaÂtion is divine wrath, thus requiring the rapture to be placed prior to the beginning of the period.
If we look at the full statement of the pretribulational wrath argument it goes like this: The Church is going to be removed before God’s wrath (at the day of the Lord) is poured out upon the earth, the entire seven-year period of the tribulation is divine wrath; therefore, the rapture of the Church must occur before the seven-year period begins. Notice that we have a complete syllogism; the major premise: the Church will be raptured prior to the outpouring of divine wrath; the minor premise: the entire seven-year tribulation is divine wrath; the conclusion: the Church must be raptured prior to the beginning of the tribulation. While it may seem too obvious to state, it is important to observe that this argument is deductive; many pretribulationists when asked to supply proof of pretribulationism simply quote 1 Thessalonians 5:9 as if that constituted all the proof necessary; it doesn’t. 1 Thessalonians 5:9 supports the major premise, but if the argument is to be sustained, the minor premise must also be supported. Herein is the problem with this argument—there is no firm exegetical or theological support for the minor premise (that the entire period is divine wrath). In fact, although the entire argument rests on the validity of the minor premise, one almost never hears this problem addressed in pretribulational discussions or literature. Generally pretribulationists reason the minor premise something like this: The tribulation is composed of seven seals; since the last seal is clearly divine wrath (cf. Rev. 6:16,17), it is reasonable to assume that they are all divine wrath (a sort of literary homogeneity). The short form of this would be, “a seal, is a seal, is a sealâ€â€”if one is divine wrath, they are all divine wrath.
Of course each seal is part of a larger structure, and thus there is some sort of “homogeneÂity.†However, that does not mean they all have to be divine wrath. We could just as well suggest that the homogeneity consists in the fact that they are all movements within the same period (i.e., Daniel’s seventieth “week,†according to Dan. 9:24-27). PretribulationÂists make the point that the Book of Revelation pictures Christ in Heaven breaking the seals; while that certainly makes them “divine,†it doesn’t make them “wrath.†This illustrates one of the central problems in the presentation of pretribulationism—the tendency to make logical “leaps†where the Bible (or proper theological deduction) fails to connect the dots. Given the scarcity of biblical facts on this subject, proponents of the various positions sometimes fall prey to the tendency of covering gaps in biblical or logical support by stretching terminology to cover the gaps (e.g., “tribulation†= “wrathâ€). In relation to the seals of Revelation, the Bible does not mention “wrath†until 6:15-17, which is after the breaking of the sixth seal. So far, attempts to characterize the earlier seals as divine judgÂment are based on assumptions rather than exegetical or theological proof; As we will see later in this discussion, 2 Thessalonians 2:1-9 may well indicate that the day of the Lord doesn’t begin until sometime after the middle of the period. We should also point out that whether a set of events (such as a seal) constitutes “divine wrath†cannot be made based solely on the fact that it occurs during the seven-year period, or even its level of severity. Whether or not an event constitutes divine wrath depends on the divine intent concerning the event (i.e., whether or not it is intended as retribution). Since this speaks to intent, unless Scripture tells us that an event is intended as divine retribution, or unless the nature of the event is such that only God could be the direct and active cause, it would be impossiÂble for us to know that it is divine wrath. This is particularly important in understanding tribulation events, which seem to represent a mixture of distressing events, some caused by man’s actions, some by the powers of darkness, and some intended by God as retribution. If we confuse these, we will never get a clear picture of what is actually happening in the tribulation, and we could fall into the trap of attributing evil to God.
There is an additional problem for the pretribulational position in viewing all of the seals as divine wrath. The time of the fifth seal (Rev. 6:9-11 cf. Matt. 25:9-10) involves the martyrÂdom of many Christians. Pretribulationists are at a loss to explain how the severe suffering and deaths of so many of God’s faithful could be the direct result of “divine wrath.†Of course, believers have died for their faith in every generation. The issue is not that believers are going to die; it is whether God makes saved people the objects of His wrath. UnquesÂtionably, divine wrath is by nature “active†rather than passive. If the fifth seal is divine wrath, then it depicts God making saved people the objects of His wrath. If on the other hand the fifth seal encompasses events that God has sovereignly decided to allow, it is the direct causes (Satan, his agents, and evil men) who will be responsible for this evil, not God. That the events occurring during the time of the fifth seal represent unspeakable moral evil allowed by God, rather than divine wrath directed by God, can be seen from the fact that the martyred saints appear in Heaven beseeching God for justice in avenging their deaths (Rev. 6:9-11). To maintain that the fifth seal is divine wrath is to imply that God is the cause of this injustice. If God will judge the evil committed against believers who are to be unjustly killed during the time of the fifth seal (which He is pictured as doing in Revelation 8:1-6, esp. v.3, cf. 6:9-10), how can it be held that the fifth seal is God’s righteous judgment (wrath) upon the world? Granted, God at times uses evil people to accomplish His purposes, but does He direct evil people to target and destroy the faithful as an act of divine justice? Unless God directs wrath at His children, which is unthinkable, the martyrdom during the time of the fifth seal must represent God passively (yet sovereignly) allowing evil to express itself, in which case it can hardly qualify as divine wrath. Suffice it to say, the fifth seal is an enormous obstacle to the argument that all of the seals are divine judgment.
Whatever one’s view of the fifth seal, the fact is that pretribulationism has failed to provide proof (either exegetical or theological) supporting its premise that the entire seven-year period is divine wrath; and because of that, the wrath argument fails as a proof for pretribuÂlationism.
The argument that the rapture must precede the second coming
This argument is sound; however, it is only useful in refuting posttribulationism, since the other views all allow for a period of time between the rapture and the second coming; though Rosenthal’s pre-wrath view occurs so late that it might run into difficulty with the spiritual delusion sent upon unbelievers during the second half of the tribulation (2 Thess. 2:10).
The argument that the tribulation is a resumption of God’s program for Israel
While it is a true statement that the tribulation is about Israel, not the Church, that in itself does not necessitate a pretribulational rapture. It is possible that just as there was overlap between the existence of national Israel and the Church between A.D. 33 and 70, there could be overlap between the Church and Israel in the tribulation. Our theological categoÂries are not always as neat in reality as they appear on paper, and we must acknowledge the possibility of transitions. This is one of those arguments that if one is already committed to the pretribulational view makes perfect sense, but really has no value in establishing the position.
The argument from the removal of the “restrainer†in 2 Thessalonians 2:3-9
This argument, based a rather precarious interpretation of 2 Thessalonians 2:3-9, says that the Church must be absent from the tribulation because the Holy Spirit who indwells the Church will be removed prior to the manifestation of the Antichrist (which is assumed to refer to the Antichrist’s coming to power at the beginning of the tribulation). This argument is based on several assumptions. 1) The passage never actually mentions the Holy Spirit, nor is the identity of the “restrainer†given, so it is assumed (by pretribulationists) that it is the Holy Spirit—an assumption that might or might not be true. 2) The passage says nothing about the Church or the indwelling of the Church by the Holy Spirit. 3) The passage does not indicate that the restrainer is taken from the earth. In fact, as a point of doctrine, we know that the Holy Spirit must be present on earth in order for anyone to come to know Christ after the rapture. [Proponents of this argument say that only the “indwelling†presÂence is removed, but this both begs the question and assumes that the tribulation saints are not indwelt, which is entirely without biblical or theological justification. It is not the indwelling ministry of the Holy Spirit that uniquely defines the Church, but His work of baptizing believers into the Body of Christ.] 4) The passage says nothing about the rapture. This argument is really a series of “dots†with no connecting lines. If one is already a pretribulationist, pretribulational content can be poured into this passage, but it would be impossible to argue pretribulationism simply on the basis of what this passage actually says.
A better interpretation of this passage is that it refers to the unveiling of the Antichrist at the middle of the tribulation, and the martyrdom and subsequent apostasy among professing Christians that will occur beginning shortly after the middle of the tribulation. In Matthew 24:4-28, Christ describes this very sequence. If the connection between 2 Thessalonians 2:3-9 and Matthew 24:4-28 proves to be correct (and it certainly seems so), then not only does this passage say nothing about a pretribulational rapture, it clearly indicates that the day of the Lord (the container for the wrath of God, among other things) cannot begin until sometime after the abomination in the temple, which occurs in the middle of the period, thus further weakening the pretributional position by moving the onset of divine wrath to a point late in the tribulation period. (This passage will be discussed in more depth under the imminent pre-wrath view.)
Comparison of Pretribulationism, Partial Rapturism
and Posttribulationism
[Figure 8.1: These three views are similar in that they all view the entire seven-year period as divine wrath (though they view both the nature of the Church and the wrath somewhat differently).]
Midtribulationism
The midtribulational view has been almost entirely eclipsed by Rosenthal’s pre-wrath view. (In many ways Rosenthal’s view is an extension of midtribulational thinking.) MidtribulaÂtionists hold that the rapture will occur approximately in the middle of the tribulation. The basis for this view is a chronology of the tribulation that places the rapture in Revelation 11:11-15, equating the seventh trumpet of Revelation (11:15) with the trumpet call of the rapture (cf. 1 Cor. 15:52; 1 Thess. 4:16). Revelation 11:11-12 reads:
But after the three and a half days a breath of life from God entered them, and they stood on their feet, and terror struck those who saw them. Then they heard a loud voice from heaven saying to them, “Come up here.†And they went up to heaven in a cloud, while their enemies looked on.
According to this view, since the Church is not raptured until the seventh trumpet of ReveÂlation, which midtribulationists view as occurring at the midpoint of the period, the seals and trumpets of Revelation cannot be equated with divine wrath, since that would result in the Church suffering the wrath of God. Midtribulationists generally view the seals and trumpets as human or satanic wrath, similar to persecution in any age but far more intense (see Figure 8.2).
There are numerous problems associated with midtribulationism. 1) The passage cited as the “rapture†in Revelation 11:11–12 is not a description of the Church being raptured, but the two witnesses of God being resurrected and caught up into heaven. 2) The sounding of the seventh trumpet of Revelation does not occur until 11:15, which is actually not associÂated with the supposed “rapture†event of 11:11-12. In the biblical descriptions of the rapÂture in 1 Corinthians 15:51-52 and 1 Thessalonians 4:16 the trumpet of the rapture precedes the event, in contrast to the midtribulational scenario which would require the trumpet to sound well after the event is completed. Therefore, the seventh trumpet of Revelation cannot be equated with the trumpet of the rapture. 3) The passage cited (Rev. 11:11-12) occurs in one of the two recursive sections of the Revelation, disconnected from the main timeline of the Book (see Figure 7.5) Actually, the event to which Revelation 11:11-12 refers occurs very near the end of the tribulation—not in the middle as suggested by midtribulationists (see Figure 7.7).
Rosenthal’s pre-wrath rapture view
The view discussed here is that put forth by Marvin Rosenthal and popularized in his Book, The Pre-wrath Rapture of the Church. Other proponents have popularized the same or simiÂlar views but we will focus on Rosenthal’s ideas as representative since his writings seem to have done more to advance the “pre-wrath†viewpoint. It is unfortunate that this particular pre-wrath view has been labeled as “pre-wrath rapturism,†since pretribulationism and midÂtribulationism are also “pre-wrath†views; proponents of these three positions simply disagree as to how much of the tribulation is divine wrath. Because of the almost certain confusion which might otherwise result from the use of the term “pre-wrath,†we will refer to this view as “Rosenthal’s pre-wrath view†to distinguish it from pre-wrath positions in general (i.e., any view which places the rapture prior to the outpouring of divine wrath).
Rosenthal’s pre-wrath view of the rapture divides the tribulation period into three distinct time periods: “the beginning of sorrows†which occupies the first three and one-half years; “the great tribulation†beginning at the midpoint of the period and extending to approxiÂmately the breaking of the seventh seal (possibly eighteen to twenty-four month prior to the second coming), and “the day of the Lord†beginning approximately at the breaking of the seventh seal and culminating at the second coming (see Figure 8.2). According to this view only the day of the Lord represents divine wrath. Since the Church need only escape the period of divine wrath, the rapture need not occur until just prior to the outpouring of that wrath, or apÂproximately eighteen to twenty-four months prior to the second coming of Christ. It is important to understand that this view doesn’t simply establish a “last point†at which the rapture could occur. It “fixes†the rapture at this late point in the tribulation period, making a connection between the trumpet of the rapture and the trumpet judgments of Revelation. This view, along with midtribulationism and posttribulationism are referred to here as “fixed-point†views, since they all “fix†the rapture at some point within the tribulaÂtion period, resulting in a non-imminent view of the event.
Arguments used in support of Rosenthal’s pre-wrath view
As mentioned previously, Rosenthal’s view has many similarities with the midtribulational view, but is more complex, and employs a more accurate chronology of the tribulation than does midtribulationism. It is apparent that midtribulationism must have been the prototype for this view. Rosenthal gives the following arguments in favor of his pre-wrath view.
The “beginning of sorrows†and “the great tribulation†are not divine wrath
The difficulties of the “great tribulation†(as defined by Rosenthal) do not represent divine wrath, but rather the wrath of man and Satan (consequently the same is true of the beginning of sorrows); therefore, there is no theological necessity for the Church to be absent from “the great tribulation.†(Recall that according to this view, “the great tribulation†precedes the outpouring of divine wrath.)
The day of the Lord does not begin until late in the second half of the tribulation
The day of the Lord, which is the time of divine wrath, does not commence until the breakÂing of the seventh seal. This is based on the observation that the seventh seal embodies the celestial judgments, which elsewhere in Scripture seem to be characteristic of the day of the Lord (cf. Joel 2:30-31; Isa. 13:9-10). In fact, according to Rosenthal, Joel 2:30-31 implies that the day of the Lord cannot begin until these signs are manifested. Joel says:
[Joel 2:30-31] I will show wonders in the heavens and on the earth, blood and fire and billows of smoke. The sun will be turned to darkness and the moon to blood [before] the coming of the great and dreadful day of the Lord. [Brackets added]
Elijah must come before the day of the Lord
Malachi 4:5-6 indicates that Elijah will be sent before the coming of the day of the Lord. If Elijah is to be identified as one of the two witnesses of Revelation 11:3, then the day of the Lord probably could not commence until sometime after the midpoint of the period.
The rapture trumpet is likely associated with the trumpets of Revelation
Rosenthal suggests that the last trumpet of 1 Corinthians 15:51-52 is most likely a referÂence to the trumpet judgments embodied in the seventh seal. (Note the last trumpet of Revelation is blown in 11:15.) Believers will be raptured in connection with the trumpets of Revelation, but before the outpouring of divine wrath embodied within the bowl judgments. (Again, note the close similarity with midtribulationism.)
Problems with the arguments for Rosenthal’s pre-wrath view
Each of these arguments is deficient in some way; let’s now take a closer look at them.
The argument that the beginning of sorrows and the great tribulation are not divine wrath
Even if Rosenthal is correct in saying that divine wrath is limited to the last seal, or a porÂtion of it, that fact in itself does not mean the Church will be raptured so late in the period. Since Scripture does not indicate how far in advance of divine wrath the rapture might occur, it is possible that the rapture could occur much earlier than the terminal point sugÂgested by this argument. Indeed, one could suggest that there might be other considerations in the timing of the rapture than simply the necessity of escaping divine wrath. For instance, it might be necessary for the rapture to happen earlier than Rosenthal proposes simply to avoid the problem of the spiritual delusion that will take hold during the second half of the tribulation. (Since there will need to be a considerable number of people saved after the rapture, it is difficult envisioning that happening if the unsaved world is under a strong spiritual delusion.)
At best this argument is only useful in establishing a terminal point at which the rapture could occur; it cannot establish when the rapture must (or even, “mightâ€) occur.
The argument that the day of the Lord does not begin until late in the second half of the tribulation
The notion that the day of the Lord does not begin until sometime in the second half of the period is consistent with Paul’s statements in 2 Thessalonians 2:1-9. However, Rosenthal’s argument that the day of the Lord cannot begin until the celestial events are manifested is based on a faulty understanding of the word “before†in Joel 2:31. This argument depends upon the word “before†[Heb. lipnâ] meaning “to precede in time.†However, lipnâ comÂmonly means “at.†In other words, Joel was simply saying that these celestial events will be observed “atâ€â€”or “in connection withâ€â€”the day of the Lord, not necessarily before the day of the Lord begins. In any case, the point hardly matters, since as stated in connection with the first argument above, the rapture could occur at any time prior to divine wrath; it does not have to occur immediately prior to the day of the Lord.
The argument that Elijah must come before the day of the Lord
The argument that the day of the Lord cannot begin until Elijah comes, as one of the two witnesses in the tribulation, is faulty on two counts. First, there is no biblical evidence to prove that Elijah is to be one of the two witnesses in the tribulation. Revelation, which is the only book to mention the two witnesses, does not state their identity (Rev. 11:3-13). SecÂond, Christ on two occasions declared the Malachi 4:5-6 prophecy to be fulfilled; He said that Elijah did come in the person of John the Baptist (Matt. 11:14; 17:11-12). Matthew 17:11 is not a prediction of a future coming of Elijah, but a recognition that he had already come (typically) in the person of John the Baptist; verse 12 makes this clear. However, even if the point were conceded that Elijah himself must come before the day of the Lord begins, that still would not necessitate that the rapture occur in the second half of the period; at most it would only counter pretribulationism’s contention that the rapture can only be pretribulational (based upon its presumption that the entire tribulation is divine wrath). It is possible that in the divine plan John was a “substitute†for Elijah (in “typical†form) because God foreknew His Son would be rejected; but that in the future He will send Elijah to that generation of elect Jews He has determined will receive His Son. In any case, this has no bearing on when the rapture will take place, other than to help identify the termiÂnal point at which the event could occur (i.e., the onset of the day of the Lord).
The argument that the rapture trumpet is likely associated with the trumpets of Revelation
The identification of the rapture trumpet in 1 Corinthians 15:52 with the trumpets of ReveÂlation is completely erroneous. The trumpet call in 1 Corinthians 15:52 (as well as 1 Thessalonians 4:16) precedes the rapture and announces deliverance, whereas the trumÂpets of Revelation would have to follow the rapture and announce judgment. Since the trumÂpets of Revelation are blown over a period of time, the last of these trumpets (11:15) would be considerably removed in time from the supposed rapture event in Revelation 11:11-12, and therefore cannot be equated with the trumpet signaling the rapture. There is simply no exegetical basis for connecting the trumpet of the rapture with the trumpets of Revelation, though some might try to make a connection based on the observation that both are either stated or implied to be “last†trumpets. However, this identification is erroneous since “last†is a relative, not an absolute idea. To illustrate this we can simply point to the fact that the seventh trumpet in Revelation isn’t even the last trumpet blown in the tribulation. The last trumpet of the tribulation is blown at the second coming (Matt. 24:31); however, in relation to the distinct events to which they pertain they are all, relatively speaking, “last.†The rapture trumpet is the last trumpet of the church age, the seventh trumpet of Revelation is the last of the trumpet judgments, and the trumpet at the second coming signals the final great event of the period.
An additional problem
Rosenthal’s view is inconsistent with the notion of an imminent rapture, since it “fixes†the time of the rapture after the sixth seal is broken and connects it with the trumpet judgments; thus implying that the rapture cannot occur until after certain tribulation events are past. (Support for imminency will be discussed further under the imminent pre-wrath view.) The greatest difficulty with this view, other than the lack of positive support for the individual arguments, is its incompatibility with imminency.
Tutorial Eight: The Rapture of the Church
[Time to complete: approximately 2-4 hrs.]
Instructions:
1. Look up all highlighted references.
2. Complete the supplemental reading.
3. After completing all reading, go back and answer all of the questions in the Study Questions guide for this chapter.
8A The rapture of the Church
1B. Biblical background
2B. Description of the rapture
3B. The unique nature of the Church
1C. Israel and the Church are distinct entities
2C. Israel and the Church have been given distinct prophetic programs
3C. The extent of the Church age
4B. Views on the time of the rapture in relation to the tribulation
1C. Pretribulationism
2C. Midtribulationism
3C. Rosenthal’s pre-wrath rapture view
4C. The partial rapture view
5C. The imminent pre-wrath view
6C. Classic posttribulationism
7C. Imminent posttribulationism
5B. Summary of rapture views
The Rapture of the Church
The study of the rapture is of great significance to church-age believers, since the rapture represents the completion of our salvation, the redemption of our physical bodies. Paul says in Romans,
[8:22-25] We know that the whole creation has been groaning as in the pains of childbirth right up to the present time. Not only so, but we ourselves, who have the firstfruits of the spirit, groan inwardly as we wait eagerly for our adoption as sons, the redemption of our bodies. For in this hope we have been saved. But hope that is seen is no hope at all. Who hopes for what he already has? But if we hope for what we do not yet have, we wait for it patiently.
The redemption of the body is the great hope shared by every believer in Christ. It is the teaching of the New Testament that for the church-age saint that hope will be realized in an instant, when Christ suddenly appears in the sky to resurrect the dead, and to transform the bodies of living believers into their glorified form as they are caught up to be with Christ.
Biblical background
The existence of the Church (the Body of Christ, cf. Col.1:24) was not revealed in the Old Testament (Eph. 3:1-10), and since the rapture relates exclusively to the Church, there is no reference to the rapture in the Old Testament. Christ was the first to mention the rapture (Jn. 14:2-3), but He gives few details other than disclosing that Heaven is the destination of the raptured saints. Jesus says,
[Jn. 14:2-3] In my Father’s house are many rooms; if it were not so, I would have told you. I am going there to prepare a place for you. And if I go and prepare a place for you, I will come back and take you to be with me that you also may be where I am.
It is Paul who develops the rapture theme, mentioning it in eight passages (Rom. 8:20-23; 1 Cor. 15:35-38; Eph. 1:13-14; Phil. 1:6,10; 3:10-11,20-21; 1 Thess. 1:9-10; 4:13-18; Tit. 2:11-14). From Paul’s writings we learn the following facts about the rapture. 1) The spirits of those believers who have died will return with Christ for the resurrection of the body (1 Thess. 4:14). 2) The dead in Christ will rise first (1 or. 15:52-53; 1 Thess. 4:15-16). 3) Living believers will be “changed†(i.e., their bodies will be transformed into “glorified†bodies) and caught up to meet Christ in the sky (1 Cor. 15:52-53; 1 Thess. 4:17). Paul also mentions that the Church is not destined for the wrath of God to be poured out upon the earth during the day of the Lord, but to the obtaining of salvation by means of the rapture (1 Thess. 1:1-10; 5:9, cf. Rom. 5:9).
James mentions the rapture and associates it with personal accountability before Christ, possibly alluding to the judgment seat of Christ immediately following the rapture (Jam. 5:7-9). Peter equates the rapture with the completion of salvation (1 Pt.1:3-5). John menÂtions the rapture twice and alludes to the transformation of the bodies of believers at the appearance of Christ (1 Jn. 2:28; 3:2). He further indicates that the bodies received by the saints will be like Christ’s own glorified body (3:2, cf. Phil. 3:20Â21).
Description of the rapture
The only detailed descriptions of the rapture occur in two passages (1 Cor. 15:51-53 and 1 Thess. 4:13-18). In 1 Corinthians, Paul states:
[15:51-53] Listen, I tell you a mystery: We will not all sleep, but we will all be changed in a flash, in the twinkling of an eye, at the last trumpet. For the trumpet will sound, the dead in Christ will be raised imperishable, and we will be changed. For the perishable must clothe itself with the imperishable, and the mortal with immortality.
Paul also describes the rapture in 1 Thessalonians 4, where he says:
[4:13-18] Brothers, we do not want you to be ignorant about those who fall asleep, or to grieve like the rest of men, who have no hope. We believe that Jesus died and rose again and so we believe that God will bring with Jesus those who have fallen asleep in him. According to the Lord’s own word, we tell you that we who are still alive, who are left till the coming of the Lord, will certainly not precede those who have fallen asleep. For the Lord himself will come down from heaven, with a loud command, with the voice of the archangel and with the trumpet call of God, and the dead in Christ will rise first. After that, we who are still alive and are left will be caught up with them in the clouds to meet the Lord in the air. And so we will be with the Lord forever. Therefore encourage each other with these words.
Several important points flow out of these statements. 1) The details of the rapture were apparently a mystery until revealed through Paul. 2) At the rapture Christ will appear in the sky, He will not descend all the way to the earth as He will at the second coming. 3) He will be accompanied by the souls of the church-age believers who have died, returning to receive their resurrection bodies. 4) He will call believers, both the dead and those living, to HimÂself in the sky. (Notice how the description of the rapture differs significantly from that of the second coming, when Christ actually returns to the earth and remains (see Table 8.1.) 5) The event will be signaled by a shout from an archangel and a trumpet call. 6) The dead in Christ will be raised first, then those who are alive will be “changed†(i.e., their bodies will be transformed into glorified bodies suited for eternity). 7) Believers who are alive at the time of the rapture will, in a fashion reminiscent of Enoch and Elijah in the Old Testament, escape physical death. 8) The entire event will happen almost instantly. 9) The raptured saints will always be with Christ.
The Old Testament saints are not included in the rapture of the Church. God has a special purpose for the Old Testament believers, as well as for those who are saved after the rapÂture; they will be resurrected at the beginning of the millennium (Dan. 12:13; Rev. 20:4). Those who believe in Christ after the rapture and survive the tribulation unto the second coming will enter into the millennium in their natural (untransformed) bodies and repopuÂlate the earth. Thus it appears that only the Church participates in the rapture. In order to understand this, we must grasp the unique nature of the Church, and how God’s program for Israel and the Church differ.
The unique nature of the Church
It is God’s plan to consummate the salvation of those belonging to the Body of Christ (the Church) at the rapture, and it is the unique nature of the Church that makes this possible. It is this fact that makes the differences between dispensationalism and covenantalism, which we discussed previously, so important.
Every saved person in history fits somewhere in the plan of God, but every saved person in history is not necessarily part of the Church. (We are not speaking of the visible, organized church, which includes both saved and lost, but the invisible “Body of Christ,†cf. Col. 1:18,24). The reason the Church is a subset of believers (instead of all believers that have ever lived) is because the Church did not exist until the Holy Spirit began baptizing believÂers into the Body of Christ on the day of Pentecost A.D.33 (Acts 1:5 cf. 1 Cor. 12:13). Therefore, the Old Testament saints, though occupying a special place in the plan of God, are not part of the Body of Christ. This is also true of people saved after the rapture; they occupy a special place in God’s program, but they are not part of the Church.
Israel and the Church are distinct entities
Contrary to the position of covenantalism, God did not abandon His plans for the true descendants of Abraham; that is, those who are His children by both birth and faith, (Rom. 9:6-9). He has every intention of fulfilling His promises to Israel (cf. Psa. 105:8-11; Jer. 33:20-26; Rom. 11:1-36), and this is the basis for belief in a literal, earthly kingdom beginÂning at the second coming of Christ and extending into eternity. The fact that Israel as a nation rejected their Messiah, and God from both Jew and Gentile forged a new entity—the Church—did not nullify God’s program for Israel. It merely postponed it until Israel responds to God’s grace in the future. In fact, one of the primary purposes of the tribulation is to bring Israel to faith in Christ.
It is true that church-age saints share in the distinction of being designated “children of Abraham.†Abraham is, metaphorically speaking, the father of all who believe (Gal. 3:6‑9,29, cf. Gen. 12:3). The blessings that the Church enjoys have their roots in the AbraÂhamic covenant (Gal. 3:8-9). However, it would be incorrect to interpret this to mean that Israel and the Church are the same, or that the Church is merely a new form (a “spiritual†form) of Israel, or that the nation’s promised blessings have somehow been transferred to the Church (owing to Israel’s rejection of Christ). While church-age believers are called “children of Abraham,†the Church is never called “Israel,†and Israel is never designated as “the Body of Christ.†Although Galatians 6:16 is sometimes cited as an example of the Church being referred to as “Israel,†the Church is not specifically mentioned in this pasÂsage; Paul is merely drawing a distinction between those who were outwardly Israelites, by birth and tradition, and those who were “the Israel of God,†by birth and faith (i.e., saved Jews). In saying this, he nullified the argument of the Judaizers that one must be circumÂcised to be right with God—since even the Jews could only be saved by faith! The presence of saved Jews in the Church (referred to as “the Israel of Godâ€) does not equate the Church with Israel; the duality of these two is strictly maintained in the New Testament. In Romans 11:1-36 where Paul gives the analogy of the root and the branches, it is worth noting that he never pictures both the Church and Israel as the same, or even attached to the root (the source of blessing) at the same time. The root in this passage seems to represent the rich blessings that flow from Abraham’s faith and God’s response to that faith in His promises. Israel was attached to the root at one time, but because of their rejection they were broken off, and a new entity—the Church—was grafted in. At some point in the future when Israel responds in faith to their Messiah (Zech. 13:7-9), they will be grafted back in again (Rom. 11:23-24). In fact, this entire analogy can make sense only if Israel and the Church are disÂtinct entities (in this analogy, distinct “branchesâ€). Otherwise if we took Israel and the Church to mean the same thing, this passage would make no sense at all. [Paul would be saying, “Israel was broken off because of unbelief, and Israel is grafted in Israel’s place because of belief, but someday if they do not remain in unbelief, Israel will be grafted back in again.†Such an interpretation is simply nonsensical. The meaning and significance of this passage only comes into sharp focus when we see that Israel and the Church are each unique entities.] While it is true that Israel and the Church share a common heritage in the faith of Abraham and God’s promises to him, they are nonetheless distinct; just as two children may have the same parent and be loved equally, but be born at different times, have different names, and have different expectations made of them by that same parent.
Israel and the Church have been given distinct prophetic programs
Nowhere is the critical distinction between Israel and the Church more significant than in the study of prophecy. The reason is that both the Church and Israel occupy unique places in the overall prophetic program. God’s promises to Israel, as embodied in the Old Testament promises and prophecies, is for a land, a nation, an earthly kingdom (with Messiah on the throne), and a special and perpetual relationship with God. The fountainhead of these promÂises, as we have seen, is the Abrahamic covenant (Gen. 12:1-3,6-7; 13:14-17; 15:1-21; 17:1-14; 22:15-18); and they are further developed in the Palestinian covenant (Deut. 29:1-30:20), the Davidic covenant (2Sam. 7:12-17), and the new covenant (Jer. 31:31-34), as well as numerous prophetic passages dealing with the kingdom (Ps. 98:1-9; Isa. 11:1-12:6; 25:1-12; 32:1-8; 35:1-10; 40:3-11; 66:1-24; Jer. 33:10-26). On the other hand, the Church is nowhere promised a land, descendants, a nation (or kingdom on earth) though it does share in the promise of a special relationship with God and a heavenly home (1 Jn. 1:3; 3:3; Jn. 14:1-3).
The extent of the Church age
As previously noted, the Church did not exist prior to the commencement of Spirit baptism on the day of Pentecost A.D. 33. The biblical basis for this assertion is as follows. 1) The Church is “the Body of Christ†(Col. 1:18,24), and Spirit baptism is the operation that makes a person a member of the Body of Christ (1 Cor. 12:13). Since the Spirit’s ministry of baptism did not begin until the day of Pentecost, it is not possible that believers who died prior to that time could be included as a part of the Church. 2) The disciples recognized that Pentecost marked the beginning of the Church (Acts 11:15-16). 3) Jesus indicated the Church to be a future reality from the standpoint of His earthly ministry (cf. Matt. 16:18, note the future tense, “I will build my churchâ€). 4) The nature of the church age as a parenÂthetical age, distinct from God’s program for Israel, is reinforced by its complete absence from Old Testament prophecy, which delineates God’s program for Israel in minute detail. 5) The Church is never mentioned in any prophecy of the tribulation. Prophecies of the tribulation invariably center on Israel—in the New Testament as well as the Old. This is not proof that the Church is absent, but rather that the focus is on Israel as a distinct entity. The fact that the tribulation was revealed in the Old Testament as part of God’s program for Israel and the existence of the Church was not revealed, coupled with the fact that the New Testament never specifically mentions the Church in any tribulational prophecies indicates that the church age is parenthetical to God’s program for Israel. This concept is again reinÂforced by the observation that a number of Old Testament passages mention events of both advents of Christ with no indication of a break or dislocation of time (e.g., Isa. 61:1‑3). Thus, it should be apparent from the reasons given above that the church age extends from Pentecost, A.D. 33, to the time it is removed from the earth sometime prior to the outÂpouring of divine wrath at the day of the Lord.
Views on the time of the rapture in relation to the tribulation
The timing of the rapture in relation to the tribulation has been the subject of much discusÂsion, and several options have been proposed. Whether one approaches this subject from a dispensational or covenantal frame of reference will predispose one toward one set of views or another. Covenant theology leads naturally to a “posttribulational†view of the rapÂture, equating it with the second coming, though there are significant differences among covenant premillennialists and covenant amillennialists. Among dispensationalists, who view the Church and Israel as distinct, the “pretribulational†view—that the rapture occurs prior to the beginning of the tribulation—has been the most popular position. However, there are other views associated with dispensationalism. “Midtribulationism†places the rapture in the middle of the tribulation. “Rosenthal’s pre-wrath view†places the rapture sometime in the second half of the tribulation. “Partial rapturism†places the rapture prior to the tribulation, but holds that only those believers who are prepared will be raptured; the rest will be left to go through the tribulation. Finally, the “imminent pre-wrath view†(the view of the author) holds that the rapture is imminent and will occur before God’s wrath is poured out, but not necessarily before the tribulation begins (though it certainly could occur at any time, since it is imminent). The imminent pre-wrath view rejects the assertion that the entire tribulation is divine wrath, and as such recognizes that there is a “window†for the timing of the rapture (extending from the present to the time at which God’s wrath is poured out, possibly late in the tribulation period). This view differs from all the others in that it does not “fix†the rapture at a specific point on the timeline.
Before looking at individual views, it is important to note that the proofs employed by all of these views are almost wholly deductive in nature. There is no single passage of Scripture that explicitly states when the rapture occurs. Therefore, the student of prophecy must be especially careful to employ both sound interpretative principles and sound logic in deterÂmining what this information means.
Pretribulationism
Pretribulationists believe that the rapture must occur prior to the beginning of the tribulaÂtion. While it may seem to be splitting a hair, it is important to distinguish the “possibility†of a pretribulational rapture (as held under imminent pre-wrath rapturism), and “pretribulaÂtion-ism,†which holds that the rapture must occur before the tribulation begins. MaintainÂing that the rapture must occur pretribulationally carries a much heavier burden of proof than does acknowledging the mere possibility of a pretribulational rapture. In order to susÂtain its position, pretribulationism must provide convincing evidence (either biblical or theological) of the Church’s absence from any part of the tribulation. While numerous arguments have been put forth in support of pretribulationism, the following are the stronger arguments.
The rapture is an imminent event
The concept of “imminency†means that the rapture could happen at any moment, i.e., it is without any known precursory events (that is, known by man). Interestingly, it would not be necessary to prove imminency in order to establish pretribulationism. Pretribulationism could (potentially) be established from the wrath argument alone (see below), assuming the wrath argument were to hold true; then imminency could simply be inferred from pretribuÂlationism. However, most pretribulationists prefer to use imminency as a primary proof. This results in an incomplete proof, because while imminency does provide a powerful argument against the views that make the rapture subsequent to various tribulation events (i.e., the “fixed-point†views like midtribulationism, Rosenthal’s pre-wrath view, and postÂtribulationism), it does not prove pretribulationism exclusively since one can hypothesize a non-pretribulational position that is also consistent with imminency (e.g., the imminent pre-wrath view). The use of imminency to prove pretribulationism is actually a reductive fallacy; we will explore this further when we come to the imminent pre-wrath view. Nevertheless, imminency is a large part of the usual presentation of pretribulationism.
The pretribulational argument from imminency goes like this: The Bible indicates that the rapture is an imminent event and the pretribulational position is the only view compatible with imminency. In other words, if the Bible teaches that Christ might return for the Church at any moment, that fact implies pretribulationism, since any other view would require at least some intervening events of the tribulation to take place prior to the rapture. For examÂple, the midtribulational view, Rosenthal’s pre-wrath view, and posttribulationism all require that certain tribulation events must transpire before the rapture could take place. [This argument is being presented from the pretribulational perspective, and as we will see, preÂtribulationism is not the only view that is consistent with imminency. Additionally, it is interesting that while most pretribulationists present imminency as proof of pretribulationism, they are almost completely at a loss to support the doctrine of immiÂnency exegetically; we will discover the reason for this in a moment.]
The Church is not to be the object of God’s wrath
This is really the core argument of pretribulationism. Interestingly, it is also a core arguÂment for midtribulationism and Rosenthal’s pre-wrath view. The difference between those positions and pretribulationism is that pretribulationists bring an important assumption to this argument—that the entire seven-years of tribulation is divine wrath. We will address that assumption later, for now we will simply look at the argument as it is usually presented.
Paul is clear on this point: The Church is not to be the object of Gods wrath (Rom. 5:9; 1 Thess.1:9-10; 5:9). The clearest passage to this effect is in 1 Thessalonians, where Paul says,
[5:9-10] For God did not appoint us to suffer wrath but to receive salvation through our Lord Jesus Christ. He died for us so that, whether we are awake or asleep, we may live together with him.
Since this passage appears immediately after a major discussion of the rapture (4:13-18) and the coming tribulation (5:1-8), and it alludes to the two conditions of the saints at the time of the rapture (“awake†and “asleepâ€), it is apparent that Paul is referring to the Church’s rapture prior to the outpouring of divine wrath at the day of the Lord. [PretribulaÂtionists point out that posttribulationists have a particularly difficult time with 1 Thessalonians 5:9-10, since their conception of the rapture places the Church on earth though the entire tribulation period. Since posttribulationists must agree that the Church is not the object of God’s wrath, they are forced to “spiritualize†(allegorize) elements of the tribulation to lessen the severity of their impact on the Church.]
The rapture must occur before the second coming
Pretribulationists insist that the rapture must occur before the second coming of Christ. In fact, it would seem that it must occur well before the second coming; the reason is this: If the rapture were to happen at the second coming, all people entering the millennium would enter in glorified bodies. Such a condition is clearly incompatible with both Old and New Testament teaching regarding the character of the millennium. The Old Testament teaches that children will be born in the millennial kingdom, and some people (presumably, the unsaved) will die (Isa. 65:17-25). Revelation reveals that toward the end of the millennium a great rebellion against Christ will occur (Rev. 20:7-9); this presumes the presence of unsaved people in the millennial kingdom; since only redeemed people are admitted into the kingdom (Matt. 25:31-46, cf. 7:21-23), it is again apparent some must have entered through birth. Given the fact that people in glorified bodies do not marry and propagate (Matt. 22:30; Lk. 20:34-36), it is obvious that a significant number of saved people must enter the millennium in their natural bodies in order for these events to take place. Yet if the rapture occurred at the second coming it would preclude anyone entering the millennium in a natuÂral body. Posttribulationists have sought to avoid this obvious difficulty by proposing that huge numbers of people who see the rapture occur (at the second coming) will immediately receive Christ and thus be saved, too late to participate in the rapture, but not too late to enter into the kingdom. This is a highly optimistic solution, but it is neither realistic nor biblical. Note the assumptions of such a position. 1) It assumes that Christ will pause in His descent (after the rapture) long enough for the people of the earth to fully comprehend what has taken place and to consider the theological and personal implications. 2) It assumes a higher level of receptivity to the gospel at the extreme end of the tribulation period than previously. This is clearly at odds with the teaching of the New Testament. Both John and Paul indicate that as the tribulation progresses, men’s hearts will be darkened, and they will fall under a deeper spiritual delusion than before; they will be hardened in their rejection of God as the period progresses (2 Thess. 2:6-12; Rev. 9:20-21; 16:21). Interestingly, this hardness will actually be a form of divine judgment. Paul says in 2 Thessalonians,
[2:8-12] And then that lawless one will be revealed whom the Lord will slay with the breath of his mouth and bring to an end by the appearance of his coming; that is, the one whose coming is in accord with the activity of Satan, with all power and signs and false wonders, and with all the deception of wickedness for those who perish, because they did not receive the love of the truth so as to be saved. And for this reaÂson God will send upon them a deluding influence so that they might believe what is false, in order that they all may be judged who did not believe the truth, but took pleasure in wickedness.
The tribulation is a resumption of God’s prophetic program for Israel
Pretribulationists make the point that the tribulation is a resumption of God’s program for Israel, not the Church, so there is no reason for the Church to be present. That the tribulaÂtion represents a return to the prophetic program for Israel can be seen in the prophecy of Daniel’s seventy “weeks†(Dan. 9:24-27) in which the seventy “weeks†relate to the nation of Israel (v. 24), with the seventieth “week†representing the tribulation period. According to this argument, since the church age is parenthetical to God’s program for Israel (it occurs outside the prophesied program for Israel, falling between the 69th and 70th “weeks†of the seventy “weeks†prophecy in Daniel 9:24-27), and it is reasonable to assume that the Church is to be raptured sometime in advance of the second coming (see the arguÂment above), then it seems reasonable that the rapture should occur prior to the beginning of the tribulation period. This is not viewed by most pretribulationists as a conclusive arguÂment, but rather as a supporting point.
The removal of the “Restrainer†in 2 Thessalonians 2:3-9
Not all pretribulationists are agreed on the interpretation of 2Thessalonians 2:3-9; however, some do advance a particular interpretation of this passage as supporting pretribulationism. In this passage Paul says,
[2 Thess. 2:3-9] Concerning the coming of our Lord Jesus Christ and our being gathÂered to him, we ask you, brothers, not to become easily unsettled or alarmed by some prophecy, report or letter supposed to have come from us, saying that the day of the Lord has already come. Don’t let anyone deceive you in any way, for that day will not come until the rebellion occurs and the man of lawlessness is revealed, the man doomed to destruction. He will oppose and will exalt himself over everything that is called God or is worshiped, so that he sets himself up in God’s temple, proÂclaiming himself to be God. Don’t you remember that when I was with you I used to tell you these things? And now you know what is holding him back, so that he may be revealed at the proper time. For the secret power of lawlessness is already at work; but the one who now holds it back will continue to do so till he is taken out of the way. And then the lawless one will be revealed, whom the Lord Jesus will overthrow with the breath of his mouth and destroy by the splendor of his coming. The coming of the lawless one will be in accordance with the work of Satan displayed in all kinds of counterfeit miracles, signs and wonders, and in every sort of evil that deceives those who are perishing. They perish because they refused to love the truth and so be saved. For this reason God sends them a powerful delusion so that they will believe the lie and so that all will be condemned who have not believed the truth but have delighted in wickedness.
Notice that Paul says the day of the Lord will not come until the “man of lawlessness†(the Antichrist) is revealed, and the great “falling away†(or “apostasyâ€) occurs. According to some pretribulationists, since the “restrainer†almost certainly has to be the Holy Spirit who indwells the Church, it is the removal of the Church (along with the indwelling Holy Spirit) that allows the Antichrist to come on the scene resulting in the unfolding of the tribulation events. According to this interpretation, the removal of the restrainer occurs just prior to the beginning of the tribulation (and the revealing of the Antichrist follows shortly). Some pretribulationists suggest the apostasy (NIV “rebellionâ€) or “falling away†(v.3) may be a veiled reference to the rapture itself.
An examination of the pretribulational arguments
Now that we have familiarized ourselves with these arguments, we need to take a closer look at them. It is good to remember that not every pretribulationist holds to each of these arguments, and the minor arguments are not dealt with here. (If the major arguments are found to be faulty, the minor arguments are of no help to pretribulationists anyway.) Most pretribulationists do hold to the wrath argument, and most hold to the imminency argument —even thought it is an incomplete proof.
The argument that the rapture is imminent
The point of this argument is that the other views (i.e., the mid-tribulational view, RosenÂthal’s pre-wrath view, and the posttribulational view) are inconsistent with the concept of imminency because they “fix†the rapture at a point sometime within the tribulation, thus requiring that some tribulation events must transpire before the rapture can occur. For example, if you fix the rapture at the middle of the tribulation, then the events of the first half of the period must take place before the rapture can occur; likewise with Rosenthal’s pre-wrath view and posttribulationism.
If one were to limit the field of potentially correct views to pretribulationism, midtribulaÂtionism, Rosenthal’s pre-wrath view, and posttribulationism, then the issue of imminency could be used to identify which one of these four views would be correct. Obviously, the correct view would have to be the pretribulational view, because it is the only one of these four views that is consistent with imminency. The problem, of course, is the subtle condiÂtions necessary for this logic to work. In order for imminency to support pretribulationism, one has to be comparing pretribulationism only with views that “fix†the rapture at a specific point within the tribulation, making it subsequent to all of the tribulation events leading up to that point. In such a comparison only the pretribulational view passes the test, but only because of a reductive error in the procedure (since any additional possibilities are arbiÂtrarily excluded). However, we could postulate a view that says: “The rapture could occur at any time up to the point at which God’s wrath is poured out—whenever that may be.†With such a view we would not be “fixing†the rapture at any particular point either before or during the tribulation and we have not made it subsequent to any tribulation events, thus we have not violated the principle of imminency; since we would not know when the rapture is going to happen it would still be imminent. While pretribulationists have long equated proof of imminency as proof of pretribulationism, the fact is, the rapture doesn’t have to be pretribulational to be imminent. As long as man does not know when it will occur or what if any events will precede it, it’s still imminent. Therefore, since imminency does not preclude the rapture from occurring within the tribulation, logically it cannot be appealed to as support for pretribulationism. (Except that it could be used to rule out any non-imminent views) This will seem a bit odd for many pretribulationists, since imminency and pretribuÂlationism have long been assumed to go hand in hand. Nevertheless, while imminency is compatible with pretribulationism, it is not a proof. We will discuss this further when we come to the imminent pre-wrath view.
The argument that the Church is not to be the object of God’s wrath
That the Church is not to be the object of God’s wrath is a fact forcefully declared by Paul in 1 Thessalonians 4:13-5:11, and is without any doubt “the†quintessential statement with which all students of prophecy must reckon when it comes to the timing of the rapture. For those who assign any degree of literality to the meaning of Scripture, Paul’s statement can only be understood to mean that the rapture of the Church must occur prior to the outpourÂing of divine wrath at the day of the Lord. In other words, the extreme terminal point at which the rapture could occur is the moment prior to the outpouring of God’s wrath. It is interesting to note that on this point, pretribulationism, midtribulationism, and Rosenthal’s pre-wrath view all agree. It could rightly be said that each of these theories takes a “pre-wrath†view of the rapture, for each according to its own view of the nature of the events of the tribulation places the rapture prior to the outpouring of divine wrath (as indicated previÂously, the mid-tribulationist views only the second half of the tribulation as divine wrath, and those who hold to Rosenthal’s pre-wrath position view only the last quarter or so as divine wrath). The distinctive feature of pretribulationism is its view that the entire tribulaÂtion is divine wrath, thus requiring the rapture to be placed prior to the beginning of the period.
If we look at the full statement of the pretribulational wrath argument it goes like this: The Church is going to be removed before God’s wrath (at the day of the Lord) is poured out upon the earth, the entire seven-year period of the tribulation is divine wrath; therefore, the rapture of the Church must occur before the seven-year period begins. Notice that we have a complete syllogism; the major premise: the Church will be raptured prior to the outpouring of divine wrath; the minor premise: the entire seven-year tribulation is divine wrath; the conclusion: the Church must be raptured prior to the beginning of the tribulation. While it may seem too obvious to state, it is important to observe that this argument is deductive; many pretribulationists when asked to supply proof of pretribulationism simply quote 1 Thessalonians 5:9 as if that constituted all the proof necessary; it doesn’t. 1 Thessalonians 5:9 supports the major premise, but if the argument is to be sustained, the minor premise must also be supported. Herein is the problem with this argument—there is no firm exegetical or theological support for the minor premise (that the entire period is divine wrath). In fact, although the entire argument rests on the validity of the minor premise, one almost never hears this problem addressed in pretribulational discussions or literature. Generally pretribulationists reason the minor premise something like this: The tribulation is composed of seven seals; since the last seal is clearly divine wrath (cf. Rev. 6:16,17), it is reasonable to assume that they are all divine wrath (a sort of literary homogeneity). The short form of this would be, “a seal, is a seal, is a sealâ€â€”if one is divine wrath, they are all divine wrath.
Of course each seal is part of a larger structure, and thus there is some sort of “homogeneÂity.†However, that does not mean they all have to be divine wrath. We could just as well suggest that the homogeneity consists in the fact that they are all movements within the same period (i.e., Daniel’s seventieth “week,†according to Dan. 9:24-27). PretribulationÂists make the point that the Book of Revelation pictures Christ in Heaven breaking the seals; while that certainly makes them “divine,†it doesn’t make them “wrath.†This illustrates one of the central problems in the presentation of pretribulationism—the tendency to make logical “leaps†where the Bible (or proper theological deduction) fails to connect the dots. Given the scarcity of biblical facts on this subject, proponents of the various positions sometimes fall prey to the tendency of covering gaps in biblical or logical support by stretching terminology to cover the gaps (e.g., “tribulation†= “wrathâ€). In relation to the seals of Revelation, the Bible does not mention “wrath†until 6:15-17, which is after the breaking of the sixth seal. So far, attempts to characterize the earlier seals as divine judgÂment are based on assumptions rather than exegetical or theological proof; As we will see later in this discussion, 2 Thessalonians 2:1-9 may well indicate that the day of the Lord doesn’t begin until sometime after the middle of the period. We should also point out that whether a set of events (such as a seal) constitutes “divine wrath†cannot be made based solely on the fact that it occurs during the seven-year period, or even its level of severity. Whether or not an event constitutes divine wrath depends on the divine intent concerning the event (i.e., whether or not it is intended as retribution). Since this speaks to intent, unless Scripture tells us that an event is intended as divine retribution, or unless the nature of the event is such that only God could be the direct and active cause, it would be impossiÂble for us to know that it is divine wrath. This is particularly important in understanding tribulation events, which seem to represent a mixture of distressing events, some caused by man’s actions, some by the powers of darkness, and some intended by God as retribution. If we confuse these, we will never get a clear picture of what is actually happening in the tribulation, and we could fall into the trap of attributing evil to God.
There is an additional problem for the pretribulational position in viewing all of the seals as divine wrath. The time of the fifth seal (Rev. 6:9-11 cf. Matt. 25:9-10) involves the martyrÂdom of many Christians. Pretribulationists are at a loss to explain how the severe suffering and deaths of so many of God’s faithful could be the direct result of “divine wrath.†Of course, believers have died for their faith in every generation. The issue is not that believers are going to die; it is whether God makes saved people the objects of His wrath. UnquesÂtionably, divine wrath is by nature “active†rather than passive. If the fifth seal is divine wrath, then it depicts God making saved people the objects of His wrath. If on the other hand the fifth seal encompasses events that God has sovereignly decided to allow, it is the direct causes (Satan, his agents, and evil men) who will be responsible for this evil, not God. That the events occurring during the time of the fifth seal represent unspeakable moral evil allowed by God, rather than divine wrath directed by God, can be seen from the fact that the martyred saints appear in Heaven beseeching God for justice in avenging their deaths (Rev. 6:9-11). To maintain that the fifth seal is divine wrath is to imply that God is the cause of this injustice. If God will judge the evil committed against believers who are to be unjustly killed during the time of the fifth seal (which He is pictured as doing in Revelation 8:1-6, esp. v.3, cf. 6:9-10), how can it be held that the fifth seal is God’s righteous judgment (wrath) upon the world? Granted, God at times uses evil people to accomplish His purposes, but does He direct evil people to target and destroy the faithful as an act of divine justice? Unless God directs wrath at His children, which is unthinkable, the martyrdom during the time of the fifth seal must represent God passively (yet sovereignly) allowing evil to express itself, in which case it can hardly qualify as divine wrath. Suffice it to say, the fifth seal is an enormous obstacle to the argument that all of the seals are divine judgment.
Whatever one’s view of the fifth seal, the fact is that pretribulationism has failed to provide proof (either exegetical or theological) supporting its premise that the entire seven-year period is divine wrath; and because of that, the wrath argument fails as a proof for pretribuÂlationism.
The argument that the rapture must precede the second coming
This argument is sound; however, it is only useful in refuting posttribulationism, since the other views all allow for a period of time between the rapture and the second coming; though Rosenthal’s pre-wrath view occurs so late that it might run into difficulty with the spiritual delusion sent upon unbelievers during the second half of the tribulation (2 Thess. 2:10).
The argument that the tribulation is a resumption of God’s program for Israel
While it is a true statement that the tribulation is about Israel, not the Church, that in itself does not necessitate a pretribulational rapture. It is possible that just as there was overlap between the existence of national Israel and the Church between A.D. 33 and 70, there could be overlap between the Church and Israel in the tribulation. Our theological categoÂries are not always as neat in reality as they appear on paper, and we must acknowledge the possibility of transitions. This is one of those arguments that if one is already committed to the pretribulational view makes perfect sense, but really has no value in establishing the position.
The argument from the removal of the “restrainer†in 2 Thessalonians 2:3-9
This argument, based a rather precarious interpretation of 2 Thessalonians 2:3-9, says that the Church must be absent from the tribulation because the Holy Spirit who indwells the Church will be removed prior to the manifestation of the Antichrist (which is assumed to refer to the Antichrist’s coming to power at the beginning of the tribulation). This argument is based on several assumptions. 1) The passage never actually mentions the Holy Spirit, nor is the identity of the “restrainer†given, so it is assumed (by pretribulationists) that it is the Holy Spirit—an assumption that might or might not be true. 2) The passage says nothing about the Church or the indwelling of the Church by the Holy Spirit. 3) The passage does not indicate that the restrainer is taken from the earth. In fact, as a point of doctrine, we know that the Holy Spirit must be present on earth in order for anyone to come to know Christ after the rapture. [Proponents of this argument say that only the “indwelling†presÂence is removed, but this both begs the question and assumes that the tribulation saints are not indwelt, which is entirely without biblical or theological justification. It is not the indwelling ministry of the Holy Spirit that uniquely defines the Church, but His work of baptizing believers into the Body of Christ.] 4) The passage says nothing about the rapture. This argument is really a series of “dots†with no connecting lines. If one is already a pretribulationist, pretribulational content can be poured into this passage, but it would be impossible to argue pretribulationism simply on the basis of what this passage actually says.
A better interpretation of this passage is that it refers to the unveiling of the Antichrist at the middle of the tribulation, and the martyrdom and subsequent apostasy among professing Christians that will occur beginning shortly after the middle of the tribulation. In Matthew 24:4-28, Christ describes this very sequence. If the connection between 2 Thessalonians 2:3-9 and Matthew 24:4-28 proves to be correct (and it certainly seems so), then not only does this passage say nothing about a pretribulational rapture, it clearly indicates that the day of the Lord (the container for the wrath of God, among other things) cannot begin until sometime after the abomination in the temple, which occurs in the middle of the period, thus further weakening the pretributional position by moving the onset of divine wrath to a point late in the tribulation period. (This passage will be discussed in more depth under the imminent pre-wrath view.)
Comparison of Pretribulationism, Partial Rapturism
and Posttribulationism
[Figure 8.1: These three views are similar in that they all view the entire seven-year period as divine wrath (though they view both the nature of the Church and the wrath somewhat differently).]
Midtribulationism
The midtribulational view has been almost entirely eclipsed by Rosenthal’s pre-wrath view. (In many ways Rosenthal’s view is an extension of midtribulational thinking.) MidtribulaÂtionists hold that the rapture will occur approximately in the middle of the tribulation. The basis for this view is a chronology of the tribulation that places the rapture in Revelation 11:11-15, equating the seventh trumpet of Revelation (11:15) with the trumpet call of the rapture (cf. 1 Cor. 15:52; 1 Thess. 4:16). Revelation 11:11-12 reads:
But after the three and a half days a breath of life from God entered them, and they stood on their feet, and terror struck those who saw them. Then they heard a loud voice from heaven saying to them, “Come up here.†And they went up to heaven in a cloud, while their enemies looked on.
According to this view, since the Church is not raptured until the seventh trumpet of ReveÂlation, which midtribulationists view as occurring at the midpoint of the period, the seals and trumpets of Revelation cannot be equated with divine wrath, since that would result in the Church suffering the wrath of God. Midtribulationists generally view the seals and trumpets as human or satanic wrath, similar to persecution in any age but far more intense (see Figure 8.2).
There are numerous problems associated with midtribulationism. 1) The passage cited as the “rapture†in Revelation 11:11–12 is not a description of the Church being raptured, but the two witnesses of God being resurrected and caught up into heaven. 2) The sounding of the seventh trumpet of Revelation does not occur until 11:15, which is actually not associÂated with the supposed “rapture†event of 11:11-12. In the biblical descriptions of the rapÂture in 1 Corinthians 15:51-52 and 1 Thessalonians 4:16 the trumpet of the rapture precedes the event, in contrast to the midtribulational scenario which would require the trumpet to sound well after the event is completed. Therefore, the seventh trumpet of Revelation cannot be equated with the trumpet of the rapture. 3) The passage cited (Rev. 11:11-12) occurs in one of the two recursive sections of the Revelation, disconnected from the main timeline of the Book (see Figure 7.5) Actually, the event to which Revelation 11:11-12 refers occurs very near the end of the tribulation—not in the middle as suggested by midtribulationists (see Figure 7.7).
Rosenthal’s pre-wrath rapture view
The view discussed here is that put forth by Marvin Rosenthal and popularized in his Book, The Pre-wrath Rapture of the Church. Other proponents have popularized the same or simiÂlar views but we will focus on Rosenthal’s ideas as representative since his writings seem to have done more to advance the “pre-wrath†viewpoint. It is unfortunate that this particular pre-wrath view has been labeled as “pre-wrath rapturism,†since pretribulationism and midÂtribulationism are also “pre-wrath†views; proponents of these three positions simply disagree as to how much of the tribulation is divine wrath. Because of the almost certain confusion which might otherwise result from the use of the term “pre-wrath,†we will refer to this view as “Rosenthal’s pre-wrath view†to distinguish it from pre-wrath positions in general (i.e., any view which places the rapture prior to the outpouring of divine wrath).
Rosenthal’s pre-wrath view of the rapture divides the tribulation period into three distinct time periods: “the beginning of sorrows†which occupies the first three and one-half years; “the great tribulation†beginning at the midpoint of the period and extending to approxiÂmately the breaking of the seventh seal (possibly eighteen to twenty-four month prior to the second coming), and “the day of the Lord†beginning approximately at the breaking of the seventh seal and culminating at the second coming (see Figure 8.2). According to this view only the day of the Lord represents divine wrath. Since the Church need only escape the period of divine wrath, the rapture need not occur until just prior to the outpouring of that wrath, or apÂproximately eighteen to twenty-four months prior to the second coming of Christ. It is important to understand that this view doesn’t simply establish a “last point†at which the rapture could occur. It “fixes†the rapture at this late point in the tribulation period, making a connection between the trumpet of the rapture and the trumpet judgments of Revelation. This view, along with midtribulationism and posttribulationism are referred to here as “fixed-point†views, since they all “fix†the rapture at some point within the tribulaÂtion period, resulting in a non-imminent view of the event.
Arguments used in support of Rosenthal’s pre-wrath view
As mentioned previously, Rosenthal’s view has many similarities with the midtribulational view, but is more complex, and employs a more accurate chronology of the tribulation than does midtribulationism. It is apparent that midtribulationism must have been the prototype for this view. Rosenthal gives the following arguments in favor of his pre-wrath view.
The “beginning of sorrows†and “the great tribulation†are not divine wrath
The difficulties of the “great tribulation†(as defined by Rosenthal) do not represent divine wrath, but rather the wrath of man and Satan (consequently the same is true of the beginning of sorrows); therefore, there is no theological necessity for the Church to be absent from “the great tribulation.†(Recall that according to this view, “the great tribulation†precedes the outpouring of divine wrath.)
The day of the Lord does not begin until late in the second half of the tribulation
The day of the Lord, which is the time of divine wrath, does not commence until the breakÂing of the seventh seal. This is based on the observation that the seventh seal embodies the celestial judgments, which elsewhere in Scripture seem to be characteristic of the day of the Lord (cf. Joel 2:30-31; Isa. 13:9-10). In fact, according to Rosenthal, Joel 2:30-31 implies that the day of the Lord cannot begin until these signs are manifested. Joel says:
[Joel 2:30-31] I will show wonders in the heavens and on the earth, blood and fire and billows of smoke. The sun will be turned to darkness and the moon to blood [before] the coming of the great and dreadful day of the Lord. [Brackets added]
Elijah must come before the day of the Lord
Malachi 4:5-6 indicates that Elijah will be sent before the coming of the day of the Lord. If Elijah is to be identified as one of the two witnesses of Revelation 11:3, then the day of the Lord probably could not commence until sometime after the midpoint of the period.
The rapture trumpet is likely associated with the trumpets of Revelation
Rosenthal suggests that the last trumpet of 1 Corinthians 15:51-52 is most likely a referÂence to the trumpet judgments embodied in the seventh seal. (Note the last trumpet of Revelation is blown in 11:15.) Believers will be raptured in connection with the trumpets of Revelation, but before the outpouring of divine wrath embodied within the bowl judgments. (Again, note the close similarity with midtribulationism.)
Problems with the arguments for Rosenthal’s pre-wrath view
Each of these arguments is deficient in some way; let’s now take a closer look at them.
The argument that the beginning of sorrows and the great tribulation are not divine wrath
Even if Rosenthal is correct in saying that divine wrath is limited to the last seal, or a porÂtion of it, that fact in itself does not mean the Church will be raptured so late in the period. Since Scripture does not indicate how far in advance of divine wrath the rapture might occur, it is possible that the rapture could occur much earlier than the terminal point sugÂgested by this argument. Indeed, one could suggest that there might be other considerations in the timing of the rapture than simply the necessity of escaping divine wrath. For instance, it might be necessary for the rapture to happen earlier than Rosenthal proposes simply to avoid the problem of the spiritual delusion that will take hold during the second half of the tribulation. (Since there will need to be a considerable number of people saved after the rapture, it is difficult envisioning that happening if the unsaved world is under a strong spiritual delusion.)
At best this argument is only useful in establishing a terminal point at which the rapture could occur; it cannot establish when the rapture must (or even, “mightâ€) occur.
The argument that the day of the Lord does not begin until late in the second half of the tribulation
The notion that the day of the Lord does not begin until sometime in the second half of the period is consistent with Paul’s statements in 2 Thessalonians 2:1-9. However, Rosenthal’s argument that the day of the Lord cannot begin until the celestial events are manifested is based on a faulty understanding of the word “before†in Joel 2:31. This argument depends upon the word “before†[Heb. lipnâ] meaning “to precede in time.†However, lipnâ comÂmonly means “at.†In other words, Joel was simply saying that these celestial events will be observed “atâ€â€”or “in connection withâ€â€”the day of the Lord, not necessarily before the day of the Lord begins. In any case, the point hardly matters, since as stated in connection with the first argument above, the rapture could occur at any time prior to divine wrath; it does not have to occur immediately prior to the day of the Lord.
The argument that Elijah must come before the day of the Lord
The argument that the day of the Lord cannot begin until Elijah comes, as one of the two witnesses in the tribulation, is faulty on two counts. First, there is no biblical evidence to prove that Elijah is to be one of the two witnesses in the tribulation. Revelation, which is the only book to mention the two witnesses, does not state their identity (Rev. 11:3-13). SecÂond, Christ on two occasions declared the Malachi 4:5-6 prophecy to be fulfilled; He said that Elijah did come in the person of John the Baptist (Matt. 11:14; 17:11-12). Matthew 17:11 is not a prediction of a future coming of Elijah, but a recognition that he had already come (typically) in the person of John the Baptist; verse 12 makes this clear. However, even if the point were conceded that Elijah himself must come before the day of the Lord begins, that still would not necessitate that the rapture occur in the second half of the period; at most it would only counter pretribulationism’s contention that the rapture can only be pretribulational (based upon its presumption that the entire tribulation is divine wrath). It is possible that in the divine plan John was a “substitute†for Elijah (in “typical†form) because God foreknew His Son would be rejected; but that in the future He will send Elijah to that generation of elect Jews He has determined will receive His Son. In any case, this has no bearing on when the rapture will take place, other than to help identify the termiÂnal point at which the event could occur (i.e., the onset of the day of the Lord).
The argument that the rapture trumpet is likely associated with the trumpets of Revelation
The identification of the rapture trumpet in 1 Corinthians 15:52 with the trumpets of ReveÂlation is completely erroneous. The trumpet call in 1 Corinthians 15:52 (as well as 1 Thessalonians 4:16) precedes the rapture and announces deliverance, whereas the trumÂpets of Revelation would have to follow the rapture and announce judgment. Since the trumÂpets of Revelation are blown over a period of time, the last of these trumpets (11:15) would be considerably removed in time from the supposed rapture event in Revelation 11:11-12, and therefore cannot be equated with the trumpet signaling the rapture. There is simply no exegetical basis for connecting the trumpet of the rapture with the trumpets of Revelation, though some might try to make a connection based on the observation that both are either stated or implied to be “last†trumpets. However, this identification is erroneous since “last†is a relative, not an absolute idea. To illustrate this we can simply point to the fact that the seventh trumpet in Revelation isn’t even the last trumpet blown in the tribulation. The last trumpet of the tribulation is blown at the second coming (Matt. 24:31); however, in relation to the distinct events to which they pertain they are all, relatively speaking, “last.†The rapture trumpet is the last trumpet of the church age, the seventh trumpet of Revelation is the last of the trumpet judgments, and the trumpet at the second coming signals the final great event of the period.
An additional problem
Rosenthal’s view is inconsistent with the notion of an imminent rapture, since it “fixes†the time of the rapture after the sixth seal is broken and connects it with the trumpet judgments; thus implying that the rapture cannot occur until after certain tribulation events are past. (Support for imminency will be discussed further under the imminent pre-wrath view.) The greatest difficulty with this view, other than the lack of positive support for the individual arguments, is its incompatibility with imminency.
